HV 
2490 


r-M 


EriGLISH  VISIBLE 
SPEECH  IN  TWELVE 
LESSONS 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


STATE  NORMAL  SCHOOL, 

2iOS  HflCEliSs,  CHIi. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2008  with  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/englishvisiblespOObell 


CATALOGUE    OF   WORKS   BY   A.    MELVILLE 

BELL. 

I. — speech. 

The  Science  oh  Speech, 

Price  $0.50 

11.  —  l^isible  Speech. 

Sounds  and  their  relations —  Revised  Visible  Speech, 

4to,  cloth,     

Price    $2.00 
.60 
.50 

Lectures  on  Phonetics,     

Manual  of  Visible  Speech  and  Vocal  Physiology,     . 

English  Visible  Speech  in  Twelve  Lessons  2nd  Edition 

.50 

"            "             "       "       "            "    German     " 

.50 

"            "             "       "       "            "     Italian      " 

.50 

A  few  copies  may  still  be  obtained  of  the 

Inaugural  Edition  of  Visible  Speech,  4to,  cloth,     .     . 

Price   $4.00 

Also  of  the  following,  founded  on  the  Inaugural  Edition: 

Explanatory   Lecture  on  Visible   Speech,      .... 

.  I  S 

Universal  Steno-Phonography, 

•75 

\U.  — Defects   of  Speech. 

Trice  $1  .50 

The  Faults  of  Speech,       

.60 

IV. — Elocution. 

Principles  of  Elocution — The  Elocutionary  Manual. 

Price  $\.^o 

Essays  and  Postscripts  on  Elocution,        .     .     ...     . 

1.25 

The  Emphasized  Liturgy,        

1. 00 

Prof.  A.  Milvtlh-  BelVs  M^orits— (Continued.) 

V  —Phoiii'tic  Orthography . 

World-English — The  Universal  Language,  Price  .2^ 

Hanhbook  of  World-English — Readings, 25 

VI. — Speech  Reading  from  the  Mouth. 
Svirc.n  Reading  and  Articulation  Teaching,  'Price  .2^ 

VII. — The  followini:;  pamphlets  have  been  recently  issued: 
Popular  Shorthand,  Price     <  5 

Speech  Tones,    .  .  '  '  =; 

Note  on  Syllakic  Consonants.  . '  =5 

Address  to  the  National  Association  of  Elocutionists,  .i«; 

The  Sounds  of  R, .is 

Phonetic  Syllabication, .15 

Sermon  Reading  and  Memokiter  Delivery  2ND  Ed'n.,  .  .25 

These  Works  will  be  supplied  post  free,  at  the  published  price. 
Terms  to  the  trade  and  profession  furnished  upon  application. 
Address : 

SUPERINTENDENT   OF  VOLTA  BUREAU, 
35TH    and  Q  Streets,    Washington  City,    U.  S.  A. 


ENGLISH 

VISIBLE    SPEECH 

IN 

TWELVE     LESSONS. 

V— - — »~"^  '— .--  — .  . 


ALEXANDER  MELVILLE  BELL 


,  PRINTED    AT    THE 

/  So  2.n 

Western  New  York  Institution  for  Deaf-Mutbs, 
rcchester,  n.  y. 


Published  by 

THE  VOLTA  BUREAU, 

Washington,  D.  C, 

and  sold  by  all  Booksellers. 


PRICE,        -        -        FIFTY  CENTS. 


iMH 


fUlh 


Copyright  by 

The   Volta   Bureau 

•899. 


*fg» 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

Preface  to  Second  Edition V. 

Fundamental  Symbols  of  Visible  Speech VI. 

Explanatory  Preface VII. 

Introduction 9 

Lesson     I          ...........  12 

II            ....                 16 

III 20 

IV 24 

V.               28 

VI 32 

VII.             36 

VIII 40 

IX 44 

X 48 

XI.               52 

XI! .  56 

Universal  Vowel  Table 61 

Readings             ..........  65 

Key  to  Readings 73-80 


PREFACE  TO  SECOND  EDITION. 


yHE  first  edition  of  this  work  (published  in  1895)  being 
already  exhausted,  the  Volta  Bureau  is  called  on  to 
issue  a  second  edition.  The  author  has  pleasure  in  seeing 
this  reprint  through  the  press,  aimough  the  "Lessons" 
have  undergone  no  alteration. 

7525  Thirty-/' fik  S^rret 

IVashingl^^,  D.  C. 

January,  1899. 


The   above  issue  being  out   of  print,  the  Volta   Bureau 
publishes  a  third  edition. 

May  I,   igoj. 


VI 


l^JS/BLE  SPEECH. 


FUNDAMENTAL    SYMBOLS. 

C  Back  of  Tongue.  \  Nasal  passage  open. 

O  Top    "       "  )(  Glottis  closed. 

U  Point  "       "  I       "      vocalizing. 

3  Lips.  O      "      open  (aspirate.) 

0  Throat  aspirate  (whisper). 


EXPLAMATORY   PREFACE. 

"PHOSE  who  are  not  acquainted  with  the  principles  of 
Visible  Speech  might,  with  a  little  observation,  dis- 
cover the  basis  of  the  system  for  themselves,  from  the 
writing  of  familiar  words.  Nevertheless,  a  little  expla- 
nation is  a  great  assistance.  The  following  are  the  prin- 
cipal fundamental  po'n':s:-- 

A  curved  line  means  a  consonant. 

A  straight  line  means  a  vowel. 

A  line  within  a  curve  means  a  vocal  consonant. 

Consonants.  ■ 

'V  THE    DIRECTION    OF   CURVES    DENOTES: 

s^         To     left,    (C)  formation  by  back  of  tongue. 
,  To  right,   (D)         "  "     lips. 

Convex  above,   (O)  formation  by  top  of  tongue. 

Concave     "     ,   (U)  "  "    point  of      " 

THE    VARIETIES    OF    CURVES    DENOTE: 

Primary,  (C)  central  emission  of  breath. 
Divided,  (3)  side 


VIII  EXPLANATORY    PREFACE. 

Mixed,     (c)    central  emission  (  with    modification 

^^'  ■      i    ^y  two   parts  of 

Mixed,  divided,  (K)  side  emission  /    ^i^g  mouth. 

Shut,    (Q)  oral  stoppage  of  breath 

Nasal,  (G)    oral    stoppage     of    breath    with    emission 

through  the  nose. 

yowels. 

A  point,  or  a  hook,  on  a  straight  line  denotes  the  vowel 
positions  of  the  tongue.     Thus: 

On    left   side   of  lint.    (1)    back   of  mouth. 


On  right  " 
On  both  sides 
At  top 
At  bottom 
At  both  ends 


(I)    front     "      " 

(T)  mixed,  back  and  front. 

(T)  high. 

(I)  low. 

(X)  mid  elevation. 


A  cross  bar  on  a  line  denotes  rounding  or  contradlion 
of  the  lips.     Thus:     i  }  J 

The  symbols  have  the  same  value  in  all  languages. 
Consequently,  when  the  meaning  of  the  symbols  is 
known,  the  sounds  of  any  language  may  be  deduced 
with  certainty  from  their  Visible  Speech  writing. 

The  foregoing  explanations  are  for  the  teacher  only. 
The  learner  does  not  require  to  know  the  theory  of  the 
system. 


INTRODUCTION. 


QNE    of  the    original    claims  of  Visible   Speech    was   to 

teach  reading  in  a  fraction  of  the  time  required  with 
common  letters.  By  means  of  this  little  book,  the  claim 
may   now  be  put  to  the  test  of  experiment. 

Children  and  others  who  master  these  Twelve  Lessons 
will  read  with  accuracy  and  certainty,  any  English  com- 
position printed  in  the  same  alphabet. 

The  system  is  not  intended  to  displace  established 
letters,  but  to  be  a  key  to  their  pronunciation.  For  this 
purpose.  Visible  Speech  is  equally  applicable  to  all  lan- 
guages.    The  present  work  is  limited  to  English. 

Visible  Speech  otTers  unquestionable  advantages  to  the 
young,  in  laying  a  foundation  for  excellence  both  in 
native   speaking  and  in  the  utterance  of  foreign  tongues. 

Foreigners  will  learn  from  these  directive  letters  to 
articulate  our  language  with  vernacular  effed.  That  so 
many  persons  fail  to  pronounce  certain  elementary  sounds, 
is  owing  solely  to  the  want  of  that  knowledge  which 
Visible   Speech  conveys. 

To  deaf  learners  these  lessons  will  be  of  especial  value, 
in  greatly  facilitating  the  acquirement  of  the  power  of 
speech. 


lO  INTRODUCTION. 

Each  lesson  is  preceded  by  a  "Teacher's  Page" 
containing  explanatory  notes;  and  each  Lesson  is  fol- 
lowed by  a   Key. 

The  Words  and  Sentences  in  the  Lessons  are  made 
up,  exclusively,  of  elements  which  have  been  previously 
introduced.  On  this  account,  the  available  vocabulary  in 
the  early  Lessons  is,  of  course,   very  limited. 

A  few  Reading  Exercises  follow  the  Lessons. 


The  reading  of  the  unconnected  words  at  the  be- 
ginning of  each  lesson  mav  be  made  interesting  to  the 
learner  if  the  teacher  will  illustrate  each  word  by  using 
it  in  an  extemporaneous  sentence.  Words  o^  the  same 
sound  but  various  orthography  n.ay  thus  be  treely  in- 
troduced. 


ENGLISH 
VISIBLE    SPEECH 

ILLUSTRATED 


12  LESSON 


TEACHER'S  PAGE. 

yHE    first    Lesson    introduces   the   consonants  p,   t,    and 

the  vowels  e,  a  (article)  and  7.  These  are  united  to 
form  words,  and  the  words  are  united  to  form  senten- 
ces;  so  that  the  beginner  reads  at  once. 

The  cuts  show  that  p  requires  the  closing  of  the  lips; 
and  that  /  requires  the  closing  of  the  point  of  the  tongue 
on  the  upper  gum.  These  consonants  have  no  sound 
but  the  gentle  puff  that  results  from  the  separation  of 
the  organs  after  closure. 

The  vowel  cuts  show  that  the  tongue  is  high,  in  the 
front  of  the  mouth,  for  e;  that  it  lies  evenly,  midway  in 
the  mouth,  for  a  (article);  and  that  it  rises  from  the 
back  to  the  front  of  the  mouth,  in  forming  the  diph- 
thongal   sound,    i. 

The  varieties  in  the  spelling  of  the  same  sounds, 
throughout  the  Lessons,  and  even  in  this  First  Lesson, 
forcibly  illustrate  the  anomalies  of  common  orthography, 
and  the  advantages  of  the  Visible  Speech  mode  of  rep- 
resenting sounds. 


LESSON 


n 


ILLUSTRATIVE   CUTS. 


14  LESSON 


WORDS   AND   SENTENCES. 
Df.        D];^.         or.         DK        Id.        DID. 
DID,         D3?^D.         U3i^D.         0]sO; 
I    Df.         1    D3s.         1    DID,         1    D];^D, 
1   03xD  :         h    CCJ.         3;^    DfD,         h   0]l. 
Id  1  Dl.        lO    I  D3;^. 
3x  ro  1  or.      ']f,  \u  I  n3r, 
D3^    03^D.        Dj^     L    d3;^0, 
3?^  d3p^  d3;^0.       3^  o3^  I  D3)^D, 
3x  D3s  1  D3xC  03xO. 


LESSON   I.  IS 


KEY. 

pea,  pie,  tea,  tie,  eat,  peep, 

peat,         pipe,         type,         tight; 

a  pea,         a  pie  a  peep,         a  nipe, 

a  type  ;        I  eat,         1  peep,         I  tie, 

eat  a  pea,         eat  a  pie, 

I  eat  a  pea,         I  e-^t  a  pje, 

tie  tight,         tie  a  pipe, 

1  tie  tight,         I  tie  a  pipe. 

I     tie     a     pipe     tight. 


i6  LESSON   II. 


TEACHERS    PAGE. 

The  consonants  b,  J,  and  the  vowels  ah,  f,  are  now 
introduced. 

The  cuts  show  that  the  formation  of  /'  is  the  same 
as  that  of  p.  and  that  the  formation  of  d  is  the  same  as 
that  of  /;  the  only  difference  being  that  during  the  closure 
of  the  mouth-passage  a  murmur  of  voice  is  heard  for 
b  and   (/,   while    for  p   and    /  there   is  no   throat   sound. 

Throat  sound  (or  voice),  is  indicated  in  'ha  Visible 
Speech  syrrbols  by  a  straight  line  in  the  center  of  the 
consonant  curve. 

The  cuts  for  vocalized  consonants  show  a  line  in  the 
throat. 

The  vowel  cuts  in  this  Lesson  show  that  the  tongue 
is  low,  at  tlie  back  of  the  mouth,  for  ah;  and  high,  at 
the   front   of  the    mouth,    for  /'. 

The  position  of  the  tongue  for  /'  is  almost  the  same 
as  for  e  (see  Lesson  I.);  but  the  cavity  behind  the  tongue 
is  widened,  and  the  "Front"  quality  of  the  vowel  is  thus 
rendered  comparatively  indefinite. 


LESSON    II. 


17 


ILLUSTRATIVE   CUTS. 


i8  LESSON 


WORDS   AND   SENTENCES. 
BL      BK      CD3s.       J.       DJ,      DJ.     DlDJ,     fO.     DfO, 
DfO.       DfO.       Dfa.       DlO.       D3;^D.       Bh^.       03^0, 
03^0.         Oro.         QfD.  DfOf.         OrODfO  : 

1     91.         1     DlO.         1     D3^0.        1     DfO.       1     OlQ- 
DfO ;       D3^D    fO.       DfO    ro.       03;^  Id,       OfD    fO, 
©3^    fo.         33^    1    3ro.         D];^    1    D3s.         03;^© 
1    Dfa.       h    OfOD    ro.       3;^    Q3;^0    fo, 
3i    03^0    fo.       3^    03^    fo.       3;^    33?^    D3s. 
fo     1     Dfa.  D3;^D     1     DfO.  lO     1     DfODro. 

3x     ro     1     OfODrO:  J.     DlDJ.  DlDJ     DlDO. 

©ID    DlDJ.         D3sD3^.         DfO     DlDJ     D3;^     1     D3^ 
3s     DfOl     DlDJ. 


LESSON   II.  19 


KEY. 

bee,      buy.      die.      nh.      bah,      pa,      papa,      it,      pit, 
tit,         bit,         beat,         bead.        bite,        bide,        died, 
tide,         deep,         dip,         pity,         tidbit, 
a     bee.  a     bead.  a     bite.  a     bit.         a     tid- 

bit ;         bite     it.         bit     it.         buy     it.         dip     it, 
dye      it,  buv     a     bead,  buy     a     pie,  bide 

a      bit,  I     dipped     it  I     dyed     it, 

1     tied     it,  I     buv     it,  I     buv     pie, 

eat     a     bit.  bite     a     bit,  eat     a     tidbit, 

I     eat     a     tidbit;  ah,     papa,  papa     peeped, 

deep     papa.  bye  bye,  bid     papa     buy     a     pie, 

I     pity     papa. 


20  LESSON    111. 

TEACHERS   PAGE. 

The  nasal  consonants  ;//,  ;/.  and  the  vowel  a  form 
the  sLibjed  of  Lesson  III. 

The  cuts  show  that  ni  has  the  same  formation  as  /' 
and  b,  and  that  ;/  has  the  same  formation  as  /  and  li. 
The  only  difference  is  that  the  nasal  passage  is  open — 
by  depression  of  the  soft  palate — so  that  the  voice  flows 
through  the  nose.  Pinch  the  nostrils  while  sounding  /;; 
and   ;/,  and   these  sounds  will  resemble  /'  and  d. 

The  nasal  consonants,  when  before  non-vocal  conso- 
nants in  the  same  syllable,  are  pronounced  almost,  or 
entirely,  without  voice;  as  in  sent,  sijice,  lamp,  lunch. 
The  peculiar  abruptness  of  this  mode  of  articulating 
these  syllables  is  distindively  national.  Foreigners  are  at 
once  recognized  by  their  giving  full  vocality  to  w,  n,  etc., 
in  such  cases.  In  these  Lessons  the  nasals  are  always 
written  as  vocal  elements. 

Non-vocal  nasals. — on  account  of  the  openness  of  their 
breath  channels. —  are  scarcely  audible;  but  the  vocal 
nasals  are.  for  the  same  reason,  among  the  most  sono- 
rous elements   in    speech. 

The  Vowel  cut  shows  that  a  is  formed  with  the 
tongue  direc'ted  to  the  front  of  the  mouth,  but  not  so 
close   to  the  gum  as  for  e  and  /. 

The  vowel  a  is  often  finished  with  a  motion  of  the 
tongue  towards  its  position  for  e — making  the  sound  diph- 
thongal— {=a_ec).  This  never  takes  place  before  r.  The 
dipthongal  a  is  not  written  in  these  Lessons. 

The  mark  4  denotes  that  the  preceding  position  is 
momentarily  "held"  so  as  to  have  the  effed  of  a  sylla- 
ble. The  nasals  ;;;,  n,  and  also  /,  thus  frequently  make 
syllables  without  vowels:   as  in  eat{c)n,  lh{te)n,  settle. 


LESSON   III. 


21 


ILLUSTRATIVE    CUTS. 


22  LESSON 


WORDS   AND   SENTENCES. 

Qt,  3"]^  9J.  913J.  9[.  CCC.  CCf.  CClD.  CCrO.  iDCCf 
W]7..  CC3j^O.  0]j^DCCt.  sro.  SCO.  3:\^0,  D3x9,  OlQ 
CCCB.  DC9.  QfB.  Q[9.  BlCD.  SCCC.  SlO,  BfO,,  SlOCDf 
BOj^CC.  33;^C£i(D.  31©.  DfCD.  DfCC.  DC  DCCC.  DC,  0C. 
DCCDO,     D[Ci30.     [9.      [SO.     [O.     [Of.     ©[OCOf. 

3j^  9[.  3j^  CDIO.  3x  93sO.  3;^  Bicc,  3x  9C0. 
3x  93xCDO.  h  CSCD,  3s  D3;^D.  3x  Bh^D, 
J  ar.  93s  CDf.  93s  93sCDCD.  93s  9rOCD*.  93s  [9, 
93s  03s9.  93s  019.  93s  [D.  93s  9l9J. 
CC3sD*3s9.  CCr  OlD.  1  ©[CCDf  9[0.  1  93sDr  CDC9. 
93sCCO  91.  Cii3s  91.  Dice  lO.  D[CCD  fO.  D3sDCD»  fO. 
3s  CelO  1  DfCD.  3s  CDiO  1  9rDCeK  3s  CDlCD  93s  919J- 
3s  D3sCD  9f  a3s9.  93sCDO  93s  CDC9,  9f  9CQCD*  CDCB, 
DfOf    9f    D[CC).  J.   DfDf     91.  DlDJ    DfOfO    9l. 


LESSON   111.  23 


KEY. 

me,  my,  ma,  mama,  may,  nay,  knee,  neat,  need,  eaten, 
nigh,  night,  tighten,  meet,  mate,  might,  time,  team, 
name,  tame,  deem,  dame,  mean,  main,  meed,  mit,  mitten, 
mine,  mind,  mid,  pin,  bin,  bay,  pain,  pay,  day, 
paint,      pained,      aim,      aimed,      eight,      eighty,      dainty. 

I    may,         I    need,         I    might,         I    mean,         I    made, 
I    mind,         I    aimed,         1    bite,         1    bide, 
ah  me!       my  knee,       my  mind,       my  mitten,       my  aim, 
my   dime,  my  team,  my  ape,         mv   mama, 

Night  time,  knee  deep,  a  dainty  maid,  a  mighty  name, 
mind  me,  nigh  me,  pin  it,  paint  it,  tighten  it, 
I  need  a  pin,  I  need  a  mitten,  I  need  my  mama, 
I  bide  my  time,  mind  my  name,  my  maiden  name, 
pity    my   pain,  ah,    pity    me,  papa    pitiqd    me. 


liOS  HTiGEUtHS,  cnix. 


24  LESSON   IV. 


TEACHER'S   PAGE. 

The  single  position  illustrated  in  the  three  cuts  in 
Lesson  IV.  is  closure  of  the  back  of  the  tongue  against 
the  soft  palate. 

The  non-vocal  consonant  resulting  from  this  aftion  is 
k,  which  has  no  other  audibility  than  what  arises  from 
the   separation  of  the   organs   after   closure. 

The  vocal  consonant  of  the  same  formation  is  what 
is  called  "hard  «  ' — a  k  with  a  murmur  of  voice 
accompanying   the   organic    contad. 

The  third  consonant  of  the  same  formation  is  ng, 
in  which  the  voice  passes,  with  a  pure  bell-like  sono- 
rousness, through  the  nose.  Pinch  the  nostrils  while 
sounding   ng,  and   the    result   will   resemble  g. 

Ng,  like  m  and  ;/,  generally  loses  its  vocality  before 
non-vocal  consonants  in  the  same  syllable,  as  in  ink. 
tank,  anxious,  jun^ion.  In  these  Lessons  the  vocal  form 
is  always  written;  the  non-vocal  forms  will  be  developed 
by  facility  in  pronunciation. 


LESSON   IV, 


25 


ILLUSTRATIVE   CUTS. 


26  LESSON  IV. 


WORDS   AND   SENTENCES. 

or.  CO,  aro.  aco.  aco.  a];^o.  qIdcdk  afor.  aa^cDo, 
ajQ,  afo.  afcc.  qccd.  a[a.  ala.  afao,  afs, 
Dfa.  ore.  oca.  afa.  Eea.  dIgq,  ©fa,  dIq,  qIq,  qCb, 
BCa,  ofa.  sla.  9[a.  eco.  eco.  qCcd.  Dials, 
©fare,  rofG.  cafe,  slccfe,  BlofG. 

1  occcaf  BlfG,  1  aiBD  Blora.  i  afof  afocc*.  i  Dfea 
sroccf  3^  o[a  Dfor.  oca  Bh  aCo.  3;^  sCa  i  aca. 
3;^  SCO  eCQ.  Bh  Qh  Bfe  DlQ  a3xcco  alol.  ajB  aCo. 
oCD  SCO  ofa  sra.  b3j^  ccr  cao.  ofa  ofao  fo.  Df 
ajB.  oca  I  0Cao  d3;,.  oca  i  aca.  oca  i  Dreo. 
ia3xCDO  Dlle.  hB  scare  Tea.  ofo  ro  Ice  Tea.  hB 
ocafs  D];^B.  3aQ  alDfe  o3^9.  3;^9  lor€5 1  aco.  3xB 
ofafe  1  Dfo. 


LESSON  IV.  27- 


KEY. 

key,     ache,     keep,    cape,    Kate,    kite,    kitten,    kitty,    kind, 
calm,  kid,  kin,  cane,  cake,  kick,  kicked,  king, 
pick,  pig,  take,  tick,  ink,  pink,  dig,  big,  gig,  game, 
bake,  Dick,  meek,  make,  gape,  gate,  gain,  picking, 
digging,  eating,  aciiing,  meaning,   meeting. 

A  dainty  being.     A  camp  meeting.    A  giddy  kitten.    A  pink 
mitten.     1  take  pity.     Take  my  cape.     I  make  a  cake. 
1  made  game.     Buy  my  big  pig.     Kind  Kitty.     Calm  Kate. 
Kate  made  Dick  meek.    My  knee  aciied.    Dick  kicked  it.   Be 
calm.      Take  a  baked  pie.      Take  a  cake.     Take  a  pink. 
A  kind  being.      I'm  making  ink.      Dip  it  in  ink.     I'm 
taking  time.     I'm  keeping  time.     I'm   eating  a  cake.     I'm. 
digging  a  pit. 


28  LESSON   V. 


TEACHERS   TAGE. 

The  two  consonants  illustrated  in  Lesson  V,  have 
precisely  the  same  position  of  the  mouth.  The  lower 
lip  is  raised  to  the  upper  teeth,  while  the  breath  (for 
/)  or  the  voice  (for  x^)  escapes  through  interstices 
between   the   sides   of  the   lip   and   the   teeth. 

The  two  vowel  sounds,  e{ll),  a{>i)  have  the  tongue 
placed  nearly  as  for  a,  but  drawn  back  farther  from 
the  gum,  so  as  to  enlarge  the  front  cavity  between  the 
tongue   and   the    palate. 

The, sound  of  ci{ii)  differs  from  that  of  t'(//)  by  hav- 
ing a  wider  resonance  cavity  behind  the  tongue,  the 
effed  of  which  is  to  render  the  "Front"  quality  cf  the 
sound  less  definite. 


LESSON   V. 


29 


ILLUSTRATIVE   CUTS. 


I    I 


30  LESSON   V. 


WORDS  AND  SENTENCES. 
I3,  3f,  3h,  aj3.  310.  310.  3C0.  3C0.  33^0.  310,  310, 
3rCD,  33xCC.  33sCCO.  310.  33s3.  33s3.  CD3s3,,  l3,  aC3, 
DC3.  CCCSl.  10.  IQ.  XD.  DIO.  310.  CDIO.  QID,  DIO, 
OXO.  CCIO.  310.  91CC.  ICDO,  DICCO,  DICDO.  91C0O, 
DID,  010.  BIO.  CCIO.  XO.  QXO,  XDO.  XOO.  XO.  3X0, 
0X0.    0XQ.    QXO.    9X0.   XCOO.  0XCDO.   ©LQ.   CCXa  3X00 

3xe,  Dxao.  Dxe.  0xe.  3xe.  qxs. 

X  33;^cc  aj3.  1  olD  aC3.  oca  1  3rQ.  3^  XO  33x3. 
h  QC3  ccxo  I  010  axo.  coxo  aC3  si  I  33scc  whs. 
ofa  9C0  ccxo  33;^o.    0XO  olo.  0l  xao^s,  aco.  I 

SXOCCiIe  33sO.  BXCOf  OXO  31^.  I  DXOXO  QlOCD*. 
3x9  OXO  010.  ro  QC3  9f  SXCCf  IDXS.  3^0  ICD  XQ- 
X  BX^  91®  1  9X091CC.  19CCC  3X00.  XDO  lO  3]y0fG. 
XDO  XO  31016.  CDXO  9XCCO  lO.  X  0XO  OXS-  I  CCXO 
XO  XOOfe.  1  OXO  9C  DID  XO  X  ore.  h  9[  DXO  lo 
f3    h    OXCD. 


LESSON   V.  31 


KEY. 
if,     fee,     fie,     calf,    feet,    feed,    fate,    fade,    fight,    fit,    fib, 
fin,   fine,    find,    fig,    fife,    five,    knife,    eve,    cave, 
pave,    navy,    ebb,    egg,    ate,    pet,    bet,    net,    get,    bed, 
dead,    Ned,    fed,    men,    end,    bend,    bent,    meant, 
pat,    bat,    mat,    gnat,    at,    cat,    apt,    act,    add,    fad, 
bad,  bag,  gad,   mad,   and,  band,  baci<,   l<nack,  faCt, 
fag,   packed,   pang,  bang,  fang,    gang. 

A  fine  calf.      A  deep  cave.      Take  a  fig.      I   ate   five. 
1  gave  Ned  a  big  cat.     Ned  gave  me  a  fine  knife. 
Dick  made  Ned  fight.      Bad  Dick.       Be  adive,   Kate.      A 
maddening  fight.      Many  dead  men.      A  petted  kitten. 
I'm  dead  beat.     It  gave  me  many  a  pang.     1  ate  an  egg. 
A  man    mad.     A  madman.     A  main  fad.     Apt  at  fighting. 
Apt  at  fibbing.     Ned  meant  it.     A  bad  gang.      A  knack  at 
afting.     A   cat   may    peep   at   a    king.     1    may    pack   it 
if  1  can. 


32  LESSON   VI. 


TFACHHRS    PAGE. 

The  one  aiftion  illustrated  in  the  two  consonant  cuts 
in  Lesson  VI.  yields  the  hushing  sound,  sh,  and  its 
vocalized    variety.    {//. 

The  sounds  of  sh  and  ^//  are  very  often  commenced 
from  a  shut  position,  forming  the  compound  tsh  and  d^h. 
In  pronouncing  these  compound  articulations  only  the  first 
half  of  a  /  or  d  is  used.  The  full  consonant  /  (or  d) 
consists  of  a  shut  position  and  an  action  of  separation; 
but  in  any  combination, — such  as  tsh — the  /  is  not  finished 
independently.  The  sound  of  tsh  (or  </{//)  may,  there- 
fore, be  considered  merely  as  /  (or  d)  finished  in  the 
hushing    position. 

The  Vowel  cuts  show  the  positions  which  the 
tongue  and  the  lips  simultaneously  assume  for  the  sounds 
of  00,  as  in  food,  good.  These  two  sounds  differ  in 
the  clear  labial  quality  of  the  first,  and  the  comparative 
dulness   and   indeflniteness   of  the    second. 

The  latter  "wide"  quality  of  oo  is  heard  before  r, 
as  in  poor,  sure ;  and  also  wherever  the  sound  is  short, 
as  in  booh,  could,  woiitd.  The  narrower  sound  of  oo,  as 
in  food,  is  alwavs  long. 

The  lips  are  often  unnecessarily  pouted  or  compressed 
in  forming  the  sound  of  oo.  The  labial  aperture  should 
be  merely  narrowed. 


LESSON  VI. 


33 


ILLUSTRATIVE    CUTS. 


Q 


i     1 


34  LESSON  VI. 

WORDS   AND   SENTENCES. 

QL.  Qh.  QlD.  Q3p^CD.  QfD.  DQlD.  DQG^O.  OQl  OQlD, 
DQfO.  QfCC,  DQfCC.  OQ3s9.  Q3sCC.  DQCCD.  QCO, 
DQC3,  QC3.  Ql3.  OQlG.  DOQlS.  Qi.  iQl.  QiO, 
QiO,  Dl.  Di  Ol,  DiD.  BiO.  DlO.  QiO,  BiCD.  OiD, 
aia.  3lO.  QQi.  3lD.  9iCCQ3sCD.  IDQ.  lOS^,  0fQ, 
OfOQ.    3i:OQ,    CO$^.    aCOQ.    X^'QCGJQ,     QfQS^^.     ©S^CCD. 

1  DQlD  OQCCD.  X  Qf  QIO.  1  QIdIQ  DQID.  1  QiO 
0ia  I  03)^0  DiO.  1  Cti3s3  IQS^.  1  QlD  OfOQ.  1 
QlDf  a[D.  1  QfD-QCD  QID.  1  33;^CD  QlO.  1 
QQifQ  CQS^ICCO.  1  QIB  QQ19.  1  33^CC  DQ3;^B.  IDD 
ID  OQfO-OQlD.  310Q  3l  1  OfQ.  QtO  Ql®  3lCD. 
ICC'QCQS^  1  Gl'^  aia.  1  DQr3  iQi.  1  33;^Or  30013- 
BICDO.     OS^ia   OQiO   1   DQlD.      Di   Oi   IDQ   ICDO    Oi 

D\  Bio.    aiDofCti  oQia  axcD  oi  ro.     fO    9[0   Qf 

OQ[3. 


LESSON  VI.  35 

KEY. 

she,   shy,   sheep,  shine,   ship,   chip,   chide,  chew,  cheap, 

chit,   shin,   chin,   chime,   shine,  chain,  shake, 

chafe,  shave,  sheaf,   chief,   achieve,   shoe,   issue,   shook, 

shoot,   to,  two,   do,   put,    boot,  book,   good,   moon,   coop, 

cook,  food,    Jew,  foot,   moonshine,   each,   edge,   dish, 

ditch,  fetch,   age,   cage,   engage,   midge,    Jane, 

gem. 

A   cheap    chain.      A   she  cat.     A  sheepish  chap.     A  good 
book.      A   tight  boot.     A  knife  edge.     A  deep  ditch.     A 
shabby    cape.       A    ship-shape    cap.        A    tine    sheet.       A 
Jewish    agent.      A    sham    jem.       A    fine    chime.       Apt 
at    chit-chat.       Fetch    me    a    dish.       Get    good    food. 
Engage  a  good  cook.     A  chief  issue.     A  mighty  achieve- 
ment.      Jack    chewea    a    chip.        Two    to    each    and   two 
to    boot.        Captain    Jack     can    do    it.        It    made    me 
chafe. 


}6  LESSON   Vll. 


TEACHER'S   PAGE. 

The  single  position  represented  in  the  two  conso- 
nant cuts  in  Lesson  VII.  produces  the  Iiissing  sound, 
5,  and   its   vocalized   variety  {. 

The  difference  between  the  hissing  and  the  hushing 
sounds  (s.  sli,)  will  be  corredly  understood  by  a  com- 
parison of  the  cuts  in  this  and  the  preceding  Lesson. 
For  both  sounds  the  breath  must  How  over  the  point 
of  the  tongue,  and  therefore  the  tip  must  not  foiwh  gum 
or  teeth,  or  a  lisp  of  some  kind  will  be  produced. 

The  vowel  cuts  show  the  positions  which  the  tongue 
and  the  lips  simultaneously  assume  for  the  sounds  of  6, 
as  in  o/if.  ore.  The  quality  of  the  first  is  sharply  labial, 
while  that  of  the  second  is,  from  its  wider  resonance 
cavity,  comparatively  dull   and   indefmite. 

The  latter  sound  is  regularly  used  before  r ;  other- 
wise  it   is   heard    only  in  unaccented   syllables. 

The  vowel  6  is  very  frequently  finished  by  a  motion 
towards  the  closer  position  for  oo — making  the  sound 
diphthongal — {  =  o_oo.)     This    never  takes  place  before  r. 

In  forming  the  sound  of  6  there  is  no  need  to  purse 
or  compress  the  lips.  Merely  narrow  the  labial  aperture 
in  a  less  degree  than  for  oo. 


LESSON   Vll. 


37 


ILLUSTRATIVE    CUTS. 


U 


}    } 


38  LESSON   VII. 

WORDS   AND   SENTENCES. 
or.    Oii5.    1215.    UlW.    i3hi^.    OfD.    OfO.     fO.     I2i5,     QIU 
OlCC.    DLQ.    0C30f.    OC3[e2i5.    010.    oiesicpo. 

oiaoo.  loQfo.  Diea.  oieaolor.  2i5fe2.5ia.  oiQ, 
olD.  Dio.  Dice.  003^.  occjfe.  UJ3.  }.  }a,  }o, 
D}Dofos^.  D}oCo}.  3}oafe.   q}cdo.   cc}.   a}©.   a}o 

a}0.    a}fCi50r0lCD0.    3}.    3}C£lora.   QJSICC.   JDICD, 
}D];^CP,    }3l    m^,    COiaOO,    3iaOD,    IQ2i5lBfCD. 

OlO  L53j^CD  33^  03;^0.  I  OQCCDOS^lG?  OfCD.  ©S^C92i5 
rCi5  9}L50  aOICf.  3lCCf  fiS  33j^  3lCD0f.  OjCDO  Df 
0}  B}OOfG.  1  33^CC  laODlCDU.  1  QiO  D3^2i5Q  QIO. 
1  0C3  OC3rG2i5  9iea.  ICC  iaUDLCD0f3  OIQ.  I 
DfQ  OiD-OlQ.  0}CCO  OlD  Di  Bl  }3roriCCD. 
9}CDfe  9ICDQO  CC}  OCCC.  3^  OICDD  DJ3  Oi  CDS^C©. 
0}   QlS   l    003;^    Q}^    DDfOr    UCD}.      Df^iSf    OfO 

ofefe  1  D}oCo}  didq.    Id  I^iS  l  JiSfQ^iSie  3icdo. 

D[   DjOOfQS^    ICD    I©3lCPa      IQ2i5lBfCC    fO    CCIQOD 
03;^9      QJ}CDO    31    O}    3iaUO. 


LESSON   VIl.  39 

KEY. 

sea,     cease,     ease,     seize,     size,     sip,     sit,     is,     as,     ^as, 

scene,     sake,    safety,     savings,     said,     segment, 

sects,    aegis,    sanic,     sanctity,     zigzag,     sash, 

soup,     sat,     soon,     sky,     snowing,     salve,     oh,    oak,    oat, 

postage,     potato,     boasting,     don't,     know,     moan,     coat, 

code,     coincidence,    foe,     phonetic,     showman,     open, 

opine,    obey,    zone,    next,    vexed,    examine. 

Sit    side    by    side.       A    changing     scene.        James 
is  most  steady.     Fanny  is  my  fancy.     Don't  be 
so    boasting.      A    fine    expanse.       A    good    sized    cat. 
A    safe    savings    bank.       An    expensive    sash        A 
big    soup-dish.       Don't    cease    to    be    obedient. 
Moaning    mends    no    pain.       1    sent    salve    to    Jane. 
So    dim    a  sky    shows    speedy    snow.       Busy    Dick 
digging    a    potato  patch.       It    is    a    zigzag    fence. 
Pay    postage    in    advance.       Examine    it    next 
time.     Don't    be  so  vexed. 


40  LESSON   Vlll. 


TEACHER'S   PAGE. 

In  forming  the  lisping  sound,  th,  illustrated  in  this 
Lesson,  the  tip  of  the  tongue  touches  the  teeth  (or  the 
gum),  and  partially  intercepts  the  breath,  while  leaving 
interstices  over  the  edges  of  the  tip,  through  which  the 
breath    escapes. 

The  position  of  the  tongue  is  the  same  as.  for  s, 
save   for  the  contaA   of  the   tip. 

The  tongue  is  sometimes  obtruded  between  the  teeth, 
but   this   is   ungraceful. 

The  sounds  of  vocal  and  non-vocal  ///  (as  in  then, 
thin,)  are  not  distinguished  in  ordinary  orthography,  both 
being  represented  by  ///,•  but  there  is  the  same  difference 
between  them    as  between  /  and   v,  s   and   ^,   /   and    d. 

The  vowels  introduced  in  Lesson  Vlll.  {aiv,  6)  are 
formed  by  depression  of  the  tongue  at  the  back  of  the 
mouth,  while  the  labial  aperture  is  slightly  rounded. 
The  diflerence  between  these  vowels  is  simply  that  the 
organic  quality  of  aw  is  strongly  defined,  while  that  of 
6,  by  its  wider  resonance  cavity,  is  comparatively  weak 
and  obscure.     The  first  sound  is  long;   the  second  short. 

A  comparison  of  the  cuts  in  Lessons  VI.,  VII.,  VIII., 
will  manifest  the  progressive  descent  of  the  back  of  the 
tongue,  and  expansion  of  the  labial  aperture,  for  the 
vwels   0,   00,   axv. 


LESSON   VIU. 


41 


ILLUSTRATIVE    CUTS. 


IS 


J   J 


42  LESSON   Vlll. 

WORDS   AND   SENTENCES. 

U[B.     lSl&.     Ut&O.      UIOQ.     15}.     65f.     2^1,     65C, 
h5V3,    h5lW.    b5lWl3.     15[W,    L5f3,    ^lO,    ZiSlCiS,     2»5}&5,    2«5}, 
L5JO.     OlS^.    D\b5.    (D115.    }15.     3}15.     Gje,     DJCD,     ffij, 
DJCDQ.     OJCDl.     OJCDlQ.     QJCD.     OJCC.     CDJO,     CDJD, 

J3CDK  J.  jQ.  JO.  i.3je.   yje.   ccj3fo.  ejaf, 

QJDfOS^.   lO'DJCCfQO. 

To    [^    I    U[&    CCJO    J3CCt   U}D    J3.      CD}CDD    Df  Oi 
DJiSrofS.      3;^    i^lGQ     Qf    f^    1    OQIB.      QIS    Bf   1 
L51DQD    QJOfCDQ    ICDO    QJCD'OICDOIO    BjxCDO.       OJ8   IZiJ 
t^JO    Dl    Bf   Oi     11310010.      651   ^J   QCQ    lO    OJCD. 
OfD    Oi    651    CC}CD    3iOD]65.      OCO     1    3]U    ICD     65f    Uf. 

I  slaofs  oi  ol65Ca.  biq-Cq  icdo  bikI  [qo.     i 

BIO  Bl'SfCDre  BC  QCQ  1  QiO  ICDOfS.  1  QiO 

Bl'srcDfe  J3CC*  BCQO  1  310  icDOfe.    1  orei5je 

ODlDQ.       3^    QJO    65f   6513.       1   QJOf   Oh^^D   J3    SI®. 


LESSON   Vlll.  4> 

KEY. 

theme,     thing,    think,    thatch,    thaw,     the,    thee,    they, 

them,  then,   thence,  thin,   thief,  that,  these,  those,  though, 

thought,  teeth,  tooth,  deaths  oath,  both,  gong,  pawn,  gnaw, 

pond,    tawny,   tonic,   don,  dawn,    not,   nought, 

often,    awe,    awed,    odd,    thong, .  song,    novice,    gawky, 
cottage,    astonished. 

It   is   a    thing    not    often    thought    of.      Don't   be   too 
positive.       I    think   she   is    a    gem.       Give    me   a 
thatched    cottage    and   contented    mind.       Tom    is 
thought  to   be   too    affeded.       The  thaw   came  at  dawn. 
Keep  to  the  known  footpath.       Take   a   bath    in    the  sea. 
A  victim  to   toothache,    backache,    and    many   aches.       A. 
bad    beginning    mav    make   a    good    ending.       A    good 
beginning    often    makes    a    bad    ending.       A    sing-song, 
speech.     J  caught  the  thief.     A  gawky  kind  of  man. 


44  LESSON   IX. 

TEACHER'S   PAGE. 

The  first  cut  in  this  Lesson  shows  the  formation  of 
consonant  r.  The  breath  (or  voice)  strikes  against  the 
raised  point  of  the  tongue  and  communicates  to  it  more 
or  less   of  vibration. 

The  second  cut  shows  the  formation  of  the  vowel 
er.  The  body  of  the  tongue  is  in  the  same  position  as 
fo;-  ;•.  but  the  point  is  flattened  so  as  to  have  no  influ- 
ence  on    the   sound. 

The  "glide"  sound  of  /-,  as  in  ear,  is  intermediate 
between  consonant  r  and  the  vowel  er.  It  is  more  like 
the  vowel  than  the  consonant,  but  has  the  tongue 
slightly  lifted  so  that  the  sound  easily  passes  into  that 
of  the   consonant.     Thus:  ear — earache. 

The  vibrated  /  is  heard  only  before  a  vowel.  The 
"glide"  r  is  heard  only  after  a  vowel.  This  sound 
might  be  considered  a  vowel  but  that  it  does  not  make 
a   svllable. 

The  third  cut  shows  the  formation  of  a  "wide" 
variety  of  a,  heard  before  r,  as  in  air,  care,  bear.  The 
quality  of  this  vowel  resembles  that  of  ^;  but  the  cav- 
ity between  the  tongue  and  the  gum  is  slightly  smaller, 
while    that   behind    the   tongue    is   larger. 

The  influence  of  r  on  preceding  vowels  is  seen  in 
the  sounds  of  a,  6,  oo ;  as  in  ail,  air;  old,  ore;  pool, 
poor;  where  the  sounds  are  "widened"  to  coalesce  with 
the  open    qualitv  of  glide  ;'. 


LESSON    IX. 


45 


ILLUSTRATIVE    CUTS. 


(t)  y 


4b  LESSON    IX. 

WORDS   AND   SENTENCES. 

(j)[0.    OJlCD,    (i)l3.    (i)K    ^hO,    u3xO,    (i)3xD.    (i)3;^9, 
Ci)3;^3.    (i)f3CD«.    UfD.    UlOCC*.    CiJID.    Uf0.   (i)f8.   (i)fQ. 
(Jfe.    UfGQ.    Ct)r3U)l3.    (i)fOQ.    (1)1©$^.   (i)la.   UiO. 
UiB.    Ci)ia.    Ui3.    (i)lS^.    WIQCCICCD:    2^1^.    DDl'i.   31^. 

OS^I^a.    QliO.    ei^Q.    CDIi3.    31^9.    3Ii9l9lCDD. 

h.    cDli.    Ci)Iy.    Ci.   3Cy.   aCi,   DCi.   Ci)Cy.    DuCi.    duCi^. 

3^i.    03w,    03sy.    03xli.    33«.    3Jy,    9Jx.    DJi.    ajyo. 
ejy©.    3JySIx.    Dii.    Qli.    Qli.    (Dili,   Qil^.    0}i.   3}^. 
OD}y.    U)}i.    (1)}!^.    0}y.    ^}Iy.    9lDIy.    D[DIy.    [S^iy. 
3rQiy.    QIS^lv.    DCi)lS^i(i)Iy. 

65ly?i5    UiS    3Jv    2^0)1    Oi    (x)3;^0    ICC    651   QfQ.      Ql    f2i5   1 
DIy3iaO   D(i)l$^ly.     65C    (i)}0    fCC   1   3}y-}yQ    D}D.     CCJO 
3}y   2i5XCC    3}y    (i)}Iy2i5.     (DS^JCC    f^   1   3Iy?3D-(i)Ca 
3Jy9Iy.     1   DCi^for   3Cy   CDfQ2i5   CC}   (i)iS^.      Qf   a)}0    3Jy 
2*31   (i)lQ    UO(i)3sDD    Dfa       fO    CClQ^   1   BlCC    J3    3Iy9 
CCIy3   Oi   ODIy   fCC    65f  BlDIy.     1  U)i®   lOlQ    03^   1 
(t»f3(i)l3    aci)l        63C     SCO    1    3Iy3lCCO    DU)Cy    fCD    2«51y 
Q3^y    CCIO.     651   aiDOfCD    65lcrJ   Dia  lD(i)}D(i)rCD 
3l$^iy2i5.      651   (iJlOdJllCDO    UIQCCICDD    (i)lCC   }3Iy    65f 

(i)fOS^.    65Xy2i5    uiS    lO    65f  OJD.     65ly2i5  I3Iy  (i)l9  65Cy 
Bf   Qly. 


LESSON    IX.  47 

KEY. 

Reap,   read,   reef,   rye,   ripe,   ride,   right,   rhyme, 

rife,   riven,  rip,   written,   rib,   rid,   rim,   rig, 

ring,   rink,   ritfraff,    rich,   ridge,   root,   rude, 

room,   rook,   roof,   rouge,   remnant,   sir.   stir,   tir, 

virgin,   myrrh,   perfecft.   term,   germ,   bird,   dirty, 

jerk,  shirt,   gird,   nerve,   firm,   firmament. 

ear,   near,   rear,  air,  fair,   care,   bear,    rare,    prayer,  pray-er, 

ire,   tire,   dire,   dyer,  fire,  far,   mar,   bar,   cart, 

guard,   farmer,   poor,   sure,   moor,   doer,    shoer,   door,   four, 

store,   roar,   rower,   sore,   sower,   matter,   paper,   azure, 

fissure,   measure,   treasurer. 

There's    room   for   three    to    ride   in  the   gig.      She    is   a 
perfect  treasure.     They  rowed  in  a  four-oared  boat.     Not 
more    than    four    rowers.      John    is    a    first-rate 
farmer.      A    pretty   face    needs    no   rouge.     She  wrote  for 
the    red    striped    piece.       It   needs    a    man    of  firm 
nerve    to    stir    in    the    matter.       A    rude    attack    by    a 
riffraff  crew.       They    made    a    fervent    prayer    in    their 
dire    need.       The    captain    then    took    appropriate 
measures.     The  recreant  remnant  ran  over  the 
ridge.      There's  room  at  the  top.     There's  ever  room  there, 
be    sure. 


48  LHSSON    X. 


TEACHERS    PAGE. 

The  consonant  cut  in  this  Lesson  shows  the  forma- 
tioM  of  the  sound  of  /.  The  broadened  point  of  the 
tongue  is  in  contact  with  the  upper  gum,  and  the  voice 
passes  with  pure  sonorousness  through  the  free  aper- 
tures   over   the   sides. 

L,  like  the  nasals,  generally  loses  its  vocality  before 
non-vocal  consonants  in  the  same  syllable,  as  in  else, 
milk,   help. 

Non-vocal  /  is  almost  inaudible,  but  the  side  aper- 
tures over  the  tongue  mav  be  contracted  so  as  to  give 
hissing  audibility  to  the  breath.  This  is  the  formation 
of  Welch  //,  which  to  a  strange  ear  sounds  like  ///  or 
////.      (Compare    cuts    in    Lessons    VIII.   and    X.) 

The  vowel  cut  shows  the  attitude  of  the  tongue  for 
the  two  sounds  //  and  ii{sk).  The  difference  between 
these  is  that  the  tlrst  has  a  degree  of  guttural  quality 
which  the  second  lacks,  because  of  its  widened  reson- 
ance cavity.  The  sound  a{sk)  resembles  all,  but  the  root 
of  the  tongue  is  less  depressed. 

The  vowel  in  ask  is  the  tirst  element  in  the  diph- 
thongs /  and   ou(t).     See  Lessons   1.    and  XI. 


LESSON    X. 


49 


ILLUSTRATIVE   CUTS. 


50  LESSON  X. 

WORDS   AND   SENTENCES. 
COlD,    COlCD,    core.    OOfS^ly.    COlidJle,    C0lD3iO,    OOIOIi. 

cofufaioo.   cofoiu3(i)f.   oofDxuico.  cois,   cola.   coCy. 

COCli.    GO}y.    GO}Iy.   GOCOOOf.   COlOIiOOl.    WlyCCfe.   COJiQS^, 
ICOraCD.   lOJSlCCia.    ICDISIGO.    XCOOCiJirSiSBK    DlUlCOlOO  : 

3D,  3^,  30ii.  3Q00I.  33CDI.  3eaoo*.  3CiS03cc,  3QIi. 

3C0Or9[D.   h^.   CD3yDlUf.   B3iCi5CCi.   03^01^2.    33^^010. 
D3Ci3rQ9lCi50.    0(i)3GaiCD.    UI33G0Q3CC,    Ci)r3ICDOS^3i00; 
D30.   03^0.    3300.    3300.    330CD+.    C03OO,    9300, 

D325.  B^u,  3ci)0.  a3Ci)0,  os^3cDO. 

Qf   fO   1   0)1^(1)16    OOfOCO*   OQjiSIi.     Ol   930Q    COI^CDle 

9Cao  039  DlDO)!  sio.    1  (j)hoi'i  J3  Dajfof  cora)rao. 

eCi)CO    fO   1    3Cv    XCDO    0033001    QlyOO.       2*51    91CC    fO   1 
Dly  DfOfSlOO  OCi)3eaiCD  uioq.    i  oiccoooio 
(i^lGSlUjOO   oo}(i>r.     039  icco   oola  lO   65f  oois. 
36000*   OOICDD    651B    £61   93CDf    Dl    03^    ICC    33Ci5*.       93?. 
Q3CDO  }00O    3CCO    0}W0    30    JOO.     1   DIy03CD   J3 
OS^30S^9lCCa    ICDO    OfOO(i)IQ3Ci5.      D(i)l3    JO)  15160 
ICCO    OfO    3300    65f  GlO.       fO    fO    (iJ33    ICDO    OS^I^Of 
(D(i)3)^3rG   }3lY   (i)C00O.     Qf   3fW    OJOO   f3    Qf    03010 
D3a   b5[.   GIO   J3f0. 


LESSON   X.  51 

KEY. 

leap,  lean,   league,   leisure,   leering,  leopard,   letter, 

'edger,   legible,   little,   lily,  literal, 

lyrical,  literary,  liberal,   loom,   look,  lair, 

layer,   lore,   lower,   lately,   latterly,   learning,   large, 

elevate,  almanac,  animal,   altruism,   parallel; 

-ip,   us,   utter,   ugly,   oven,   uncle,   undone,   usher, 

ultimate,   urn,   nursery,  burden,   curtain,   turnish, 

punishment,   drunken,   revulsion,   revengeful; 

pass,   past,  fast,   vast,   fasten,  last,    mast, 

path,  bath,  aunt,  can't,  jaunt 

She  is  a  leering  little  charmer.       Too  much  learning 

makes    some    people    mad.       A    writer    of    pretty    lyrics. 

Grace    is    a    fair   and    lovely    girl.       The    man    is    a 

poor,    pitiful,    drunken    wretch.       A    senseless 

rigmarole    storv.       Come    and    look    at    the    loom. 

Uncle    lent    them    the    money    to    buy    an    oven.        My 

gaunt    old    aunt   told    us    all.       A    person    of 

judgment    and    discretion.       Prove    all    things 

and    keep  fast    the    good.       It    is    rough    and    jerky 

driving    over    rails.       She    will    call    if  she    passes 

by  the  gas  office. 


S2  LESSON  XI. 


TEACHERS'    PAGE. 

The  cuts  in  Lesson  XI.  illustrate  the  formation  of  the 
consonants  wh  in  zvhev,  an(^  w  -n  way.  These  are  fre- 
quently confounded,  especially  in   the   South   of  England. 

The  sourd  )f  zch  is  often  stated  to  be  a  compound 
of  h  and  oo;  but  it  is  really  a  simple  element,  bearing 
the   same   relat'on   to   zv  that  s  bears  to  ^,  or  /  to  v. 

IVIi  is  not  pronounced  before  the  letter  o,  but  the 
aspirate,  k  is  substituted,  as  in  whole,  who,  whose,  whom. 

The  sound  of  zc  resembles  the  vowel  oo,  but  with 
oral  compression  added, — which  converts  the  vowel  into 
a   consonant. 

The  zv  glide  is  intermediate  between  w  and  oo.  It 
is  heard  as  the  closing  element  in  the  diphthong  ou{t). 
(See    Lesson    X). 

The    combination    qu    has  the   sound   of  kw. 


LESSON     XI. 


53 


iLLUSTRAIlVE   CUTS. 


XI 


S4  LESSON  XI. 

WORDS    AND   SENTENCES. 
DfD.    afO.    BLD.    DhO.    ^hO,    DJD.    SJOQ.    J3Jy. 

l3]CDQIi.    SJCCD.    3}Ci5D.    ^iQlCC.    ^IBICD :    SCi,    ^Cii. 
Dice.    3ICD2.50C.    OhO^.    SO^COr.    DfOD.    JOl^Iy,      9l65Ii 
aiiCODiCO,    DI^GOQlCCQ.    SCCOCQ.    91Q]CD.    9i©CCi. 
3iD.    3jy.    CDIj    3jG0.    D3ji.    D3iCDIi.    OJjCD.    03JiU)fe. 
CD3jlCDS^Ii.    >93jCDOrcC,    CC3jCD,    a3jCDDr.    Q3iCD,    QU3iC0. 
332100.    3u:jCD.    ^03200,    33jDQ.    a3jOQ.    U32CDCD. 
233jW.    3003jCDa5Ii.    2^3j^ICl)0. 

OIW    SICCO   65li    D3^   ICC    [QS^.   OlCDO   2^1   Qu^CO   300]©. 
0]D    fO    3J2i5    3C90     Dfa^    Bh    651CC    312*5    3]Ci5    91CD  .^ 
JOO    651    3]yC0a)2i5    1    OOCQS^ 
ICCO    JOO    65f    3ICC    ICDCD    SfSICD    SlyOOf    DCO[I^2i5.  " 

J3  icDouicD^  ai  X  aajuioo:  D]o.  DllG  Ice, 

DC^    lO    &510    651   JD'}65Xi    S[    ©r^Ci    J3    651. 
651   ISOO*    65XO    9XCD    Si    001365    330Xv    6519. 
651    GlQ    165    J30    rCD'OXU)XQ    3f65    65Ci    D}CC65. 
65fO    X033    JOO.      Oi    653;^CC    }CC    DX003    Dl    DUl. 
XCOO    fO    B3DD    3J00}.    X65    651    CD3^D    651    a.>C, 
6532    aXCCOD    CDJO    65XCC    BL    3J00D    Di    XCCl   33CC. 


LESSON  XI.  55 

KEY. 
Whip,   whit,   wit,   white,   wight,   what,   watch,   war, 
warrior,   whack,   wag,   wax,   wing,  which,   witch, 
whiff,  wafer,   whirr,   word,   world,  one,  once, 
wonder,   wand,   won't,   woman,   women;    wear,  where, 
when,   Wednesday,  while,   wily,  whist,  whether,  weather, 
whirlpool,   whirlwind,   waylaid,   wagon,   wooden, 
out,   our,   now,   owl,   power,   powder,   town,   towering, 
dowager,   mountain,   noun,   county,  gown,  growl, 
vowel,  frown,  scowl,   vouch,  couch,  sound, 
south,   flounder,   thousand. 

When  went  there  by  an  age,   since  the  great    flood, 
But  it  was  fam'd  with  more  than  with  one  man  ? 

All  the  world's  a  stage, 

And  all  the  men  and  women  merely  players. 

Beware 
Of  entrance  to  a  quarrel:  but.  being  in. 
Bear  it  that  the  opposer  may  beware  of  thee. 

The  evil  that  men  do  lives  after  them, 
The  good  is  oft  interred  with  their  bones. 

This  above  ail, — to  thine  own  self  be  true, 
And  it  must  follow,  as  the  night  the  dav. 
Thou  canst  not  then  be  false  to  any  man. 


56  LESSON   Xll. 


TEACHER'S   PAGE. 

The  cut  in  this  Lesson  shows  the  formation  of  con- 
sonant y,  as  in  ye,  you.  The  position  of  the  tongue  is 
the  same  as  for  the  vowel  e.  but  with  oral  compres- 
sion added — which  converts  the  vowel  into  a   consonant. 

The  name-sound  of  U, —  under  any  orthography — 
when  not  preceded  by  /■  or  by  the  sound  of  sh — begins 
with  y.  Consequently  y  must  be  recognized  in  such 
words  as  pew,  due,  view,  cure,  beauty,  suit,  music,  acute, 
Tuesday,  ague,  virtue,  piSliire,  fortutie. 

The  letter  e  sometimes,  and  the  letter  /',  frequently, 
have  the  sound  of  y;  as  in  righteous,  christian,  opinion, 
filial,   Asia. 

The  y  glide  is  intermediate  between  y  and  e.  it  is 
the  closing  part  of  the  diphthong  i  (See  Lesson  1.)  In 
the  present  Lesson  the  same  glide  appears  as  the  clos- 
ing element  of  the  diphthong  oi,  oy.  The  first  element 
of  this  diphthong  is  the  same  as  the  vowel  6  in  Les- 
son   Vlll. 

The  last  svmbol  in  this  Lesson  represents  the  aspi- 
rate, //.  This  element  is  a  mere  outbreathing,  and  should 
have  no  guttural  or  other  compression. 


LESSON   XII. 


57 


ILLUSTRATIVH    CUTS. 


58  LESSON    Xll. 

WORDS  AND  SHNTHNCES. 
(f)[.    mXGO}.    fT)j^Q.    O}^.    (^Il5.    (^lY^D.    (T)]e.    (T)}a,     B(T)i, 

GJyOnlCC.  XaOOilCO.  BfCCnDCD.  ]CLi(T)]CC.  31G0(T)1Cl)D;  OJ;^, 
3}!^.  ajx.  OS^Jy.  JsGO,  DJsOO.  DDJsGO.  QS^JsCCO,  J^ODI^, 
CCJx^iS.  JxCDDQlCCO.  COMW.  (i)MCO.  ICDQS^J;^.  XSDCOJ;^,,  Ol. 
OlD.  OlO.  Ol3.  Oli.  Oroo.  012^.  OfejiSICt).  03;^D.  03;^0. 
OfO.  OfQ.  033.  OJ3.  013.  Of^.  OfO.  OfS.  OfCDCDIi. 
Ofajd)!.  orQiGO*.  OfCDOQ.  OlCO.  OliSIiOl.  OICCD.  OCi.  O[00. 
OCOD.  OCiS.  OIQ.  010)16.  OI^O.  OIy^.  O]i00.  O]90a)*. 
0]GQCi)f.  0](i)r.  O]G0.  0}D.  0}Q.  0X6.  01002^.  OIDICC. 
OlO.  OX®.  OXCeO,  OJi2J.  OJiS  OJi9}CCr.  OJUf©.  Ol.  Oi2i5, 
OlD.    OiD.  Ol3.  0}U0.  0}2i5.    OjOalOO.  OJ2i5Ii.   OJS^JyCD, 

0(T)1.  onio$^.  onlBicu. 

or  OS»2X^O^  XO    OQ^iS  65XO  CDX3Ii  3X00O  1  SiCDQ. 

or   OXt5   1   Dh   3Ji    DlOl.    XCCO    1   OXCDQ    }DXCC    l^   0C. 

3jx  axwofe  oQx^foI. 

15[    OXCDCD    J3    COrOGOf    XSDWJ;^53XC0O    OX2^    2»3f    ©[CDOflv 

OXCDD. 
U)3;^0   D}0^  U[CO   09130  65}  GUCOIv   O3C02i5   GJCi)J  QlD. 
JOO    DOO[23r2i5    mo    l^[   h  J3    OX3Ci;    3f2i5fOO   Jy. 

Oi  1  I33s2i5   BIW.  DJiOa   XCCQ    OXOf   OC3CD*2i5. 
Ull3    Dl    COl'SXCCO  3Jy    65XO     553.    QXCPOD    CDJO  OXCOO, 

XCDO  00301  OXOOD  3h  mo  DfOQ  653^  a)l'9X^D23a. 
miO  X3l(i)r    BXCC    I'QJiOle   Oi    OfO  Ol'OIiO.   XCOO    05 

QXOO    I'OQCD    lOforG.' 
91  Oi  DOC  3Ji  SliOr.  XCCO  65XO    OCS   D(i)[x  0]ZJ   OlOQ 

]0  JOO   Ol   UXCCOXi   651   OlOO  J3    axvoC 


LESSON  Xll.  59- 

KEY. 

ye,   yellow,   yard,   yon,   youth,   yearn,  young,  yoke,  mew, 
new,     cue.     gewgaw,     few,     sue,    duty,    feature,    picture,, 
fortune,    adual,    minion,    onion,    valiant;  toy, 
boy,    coy,    joy,    oil,    soil,    spoil,    joint,    oyster, 
noise,    ointment,    loyal,    royal,    enjoy,    employ,    he, 
heat,   heed,  heave,  here,  heel,  heath,  heathen,  height,  hide,, 
hit,    hid,    half,    halve,    have,    his,    hiss,    him,    hinder, 
hickory,    higgle,    hinge,    hill,    hitherto,    hence,    hair,    hail, 
haste,    haze,    head,    herring,    hearse,    hers,    hurl,    humble, 
hungrv,    hurry,    hull,    hope,    home,   hang,   health,   happen, 
hat.  had.  hand,  hearth,  harm,  harmony,  horrid,  who.  whose, 
hoop.   hoot.   whom,  host,  hose,  hostile,  hawser,  hawthorn, 
hue,   huge,   human. 

He  jests  at  scars  that  never  felt  a  wound. 

He  hath  a  tear  for  pity,   and  a  hand  open  as  day 

for  melting  charity. 
The  hand  of  little  employment  hath  the  daintier 

sense. 
Light  boats  sail  swift,  though  greater  hulls  draw  deep. 
All  places  that  the  eye  of  heaven   visits  are, 

to  a  wise  man,   ports  and  happy  havens. 
Cease  to  lament  for  that  thou  canst  not  help, 

and  study  help  for  that  which   thou   lamenfst. 
Use  every  man  according  to  his  desert,  and  who 

shall  escape  whipping  } 
We  do  pray  for  mercy,  and  that  same   prayer  doth  teach« 

us  all  to  render  the  deeds    of  mercv. 


61 


TEACHER'S  PAGE. 

UNIVERSAL  VOWEL  TABLE. 

The  following  Universal  Vowel  Table  will  be  valuable 
for  reference. 

(/)     Front  l^oivels: — all  English  sounds. 

I.  c,  as  in  eel.  Always  long  when  accented.  Ant  to  be 
changed  to  f  or  T  in  unaccented  syllables.  In  the  prefixes 
be,  de,  re,  se,  etc.,  the  pure  I  should  be  preserved. 

r,  1,  as  in  ///.  Heard  in  the  plural  syllable  es,  as  m  fishes, 
places,,  etc. ;  and  also,  instead  of  C  in  unaccented  syllables, 
as  in  maintain,  SfCCOCO;.  eertain.  UliOrcC,  always, 
JCOI3f^.  etc.  Tends  to  T  in  unaccented  syllables  as  in  readi- 
ness. (i)Wlm^;  pitiful,  dIdT31co. 

C.  a  as  in  ale.  Often  terminates  with  y-glide  forming 
the  diphthong  Cs.     Changed  to  C,  or  sometimes  t,  before  r. 

C,  as  in  air.  Long  only  before  r.  Short  C  is  heard  in- 
stead of  I  in  the  terminations  es,  ed.  etc.,  in  verbs;  and  in 
unaccented  syllables,  as  in  explain,  CO^^DGOCCC,   argument, 

I.  c,  as  in  ell.  Dulled  into  C,  in  unaccented  syllables. 
Apt  to  be  elided  in  terminations  after  /  or  d,  as  in  patent, 
student,  etc. 


■62 

X,  a,  as  in  acl.  Tends  to  1  in  unaccented  syllables,  as 
actuaL  XaO(T)lXcO;  madman,  SlQBlCC.  Apt  to  be  elided 
in  terminations,  as  in  fatal,  literal,  general,  etc. 

(2)     Front  Round  Kowels: — all  Foreign  sounds. 

f  German  u. 

f  variety  of  German  u. 

•£  Scotch  shoe;  French  dil. 

i  variety  of  French  //. 

t  German  6;  French  eu. 

X  Cockney  01/  as  in  out. 

(j)     Bad:   l^oicels. 

1  A  common  Gaelic,  Russian  and  Chinese  vowel.  En- 
deavour to  pronounce  00  without  using  the  lips,  and  the 
tongue  will  be  felt  to  rise  into  this  "high  back  "  position 

1,  the  drawling  vowel — nh,  uh,  iih,  etc.  Heard  instead 
•of]  in  the  terminations  tion,  tioiis  etc. 

3  u,  as  in  sliun,  urge,  etc.  Tends  to  1  in  unaccented 
syllables. 

3  a  in  ask,  path,  etc.  With  y-glide  forms  the  diph- 
thong i,  as  in  mind,  B']7,W^  ;  and  with  w-glide  forms  the 
diphthong  on-,  as  in  naze,  G33j.  In  unaccented  syllables 
tends  to  1  or  1. 

J  Scotch  u,  as  in  /'////.  eome,  etc. 

J,  Italian  ah,  The  "low  back  wide  "  vowel.  In  un- 
accented   syllables    changed    to    3,   as    in    barbarian.  33'i!- 


63 

(4)     Back  RoimJ  Foicels: — all  English  sounds. 

i,  00,  as  in  food.  Alwavs  long.  Never  heard  before  r. 
The  short  1  is  common  in  Scotch  as  in  DlO  (English  DlQ) 
booh. 

1,  00,  as  in  poor.  Long  onlv  before  /'.  Short  as  in  put, 
cook.  etc. 

3-,  0  as  in  old.  Often  terminates  wiih  w-glide,  forming 
the  diphthong  3-2.  Changed  into  3"  before  r.  and  also  in 
unaccented  syllables. 

3-,   before,  r.  as  in  1  33-i!-}!i:0  ©JO,  d  four-oared  hcui, 

J,  a  in  all.  hm,  etc.  Always  long.  Changed  to  i-  in 
unaccented  syllables. 

J.  6  in  on,  odd,  etc.  Always  short  except  beior*.  /'. 
Tends  to  I  when  unaccented. 

(  5  )     Mixed  l^ozeels. 

T  American  fr  in  sir. 

T  Substitution  for  unaccented  i. 

1  German  e  in  aiige. 

1  Article  j.     Substitution  for  unaccented  9.c 

I  Provincial  er. 

I  er.  ir.  vr.  as  in  lier.  sir.  luyrlle. 

(6)     Mixed  Round  l^oieels. 

I  North-Irish  Ci  in  lune. 

I  Swedish  //. 

\  Irish  vowel  in  Dublin,  come,  etc. 

3:  Variety  of  the  preceding. 

I  Irish  0  in  -ao//./,  ^iWCOQ. 

i  Irish  vowel  in  her,  sir.  etc.     American  a  in   Chicago. 


64 


TEACHHRS  PAGE. 

READINGS. 

In  the  following  Readings  the  differences  in  quality  be- 
tween accented  and  unaccented  vowels  are  occasionallv 
shown. 

The  sign  of  a  "  held  "  position  (♦)  is  required  only  in 
connection  with  consonants,  such  as  tlnal  /  and  n  in  little, 
given,  etc.  Vowels  do  not  require  quantitative  indication, 
because  every  given  ••quality,"  in  English,  is  invariably  of 
the  same  "  quantitv."  Thus  i  and  I  are  always  long,  when 
accented;  i  is  short,  except  before  r:  I  is  always  short,  etc. 
The  vowels  in  the  final  syllables  <////.  cut, — apt  to  be 
elided  as  in  pleasant,  present,  etc.,  — should  always  be 
pronounced. 


(>b 


READINGS. 

I.     I©33s^. 

wio  003?;  3loo  ral  co]?;  30)1©®,  u53?>  QOSoe®  £oj?i  st&<oT.fo»ic5. 
CC3?;   o]e  iJo3?.   uliisiuso. 

2.    sf2i5©3a. 
3.    oico^. 

bI   (T)io3ijj    Dioj   ccjo   :9Ij:. 

ocl  u3wl  acuCo  iffiffiCi:  3joj  l  v,oCoj91Ci;  j!i?  oi  ©Is  olaroicDlof 
oi  Dj'j^iajyj;,  si'oMoI  oi  lia33sa;l!.ri',  x®®  oofeiiiiof  X<*5®  o}o 
oi   oOl   olojoi. 

S.      3CD. 

3CO    Icw    wl   3(i;xa3®    J3   :<,!   ei®,    ccI    ©3?i®    J3    iof    sSXCti.    wl 

03?»(DlCDO    J3    CjOI    3iC0lD,      XuJ®    col     Iu3lS9l    J3    wl    ©X®. 


66 

6.      3JG0yOiCD. 

I    3JJ0JOla;    Ix.    1    aajfoju^     ^\0     aiOJJO    JOICCCD    l'J}3-CD.     0]O    CClfflJJ 

ICC 'My    oi    o]'o3-yo    io.      lo   la;   M    ol    oIjO   i  jo3?.,    9]o   ojy® 

Oi     OlJO     }Ci3JuI     3]ij3     JO]?!. 

0)1  ccjo  liou32  ]A®jij»cr5iJ  oi  ccl'ols  mi,  Gjy  o]aju  ctji  els 
ofo    oi'sC    of    oofjOo-    oi'>3jvi)}    :j^J9    (T)i. 

8.    colay. 

Io   iv   I    »-jd)Co    0)145 'jojly   oi   (i)IiJ0la5'T:]Ci3  oi   I'9ia5T|Ioi5  CO  10   Io 

J3  otccjls   juiaj    icco   j>ysj\f^   -.X^li,. 

9.      CC3xO    2^JO. 

X)Cy    lii     uil     u)]JO      OolO     OIX     vCJO     9l>i;     rx]A3?         uCl     OOCO     1^3® 

wl  Oj;]2  0lj'o]yB  3iy  iccjiJOlyo^.     gujjq  omiSBi©  93-joo  3l  (i)Io  ]iy 
10.     13IU)IQC    U}D. 

ICCiuJT.J?;      uCl      WJCIofeT:      JS      oi'-5)C.      LCDCD      lOO      Mjaj;      ©[y    OC- 

oiccoxl    icccD    o:^IOJuI  ;    3jy    ooIj    ccE    }cr5xl   Ij:   Oiyx.  :   3I   3y   cdi® 
oi   miJOlyoC,    icco   jy  crsjo   i-^jycD   oi   oi'>5j4)}. 

II.    3u)icD®cor  ajQ]cc. 

o}Ci50  ajoioly  ajii:'^Lji/.i  oolo  ;ja)L^i)^ro  j:^jtD]?ij;Ia>  oi  oi  oC 
®IJl'ei:i)Il0X»  wleo-  oi  miy  IccoI^Coj.  iq'jioo  Iu;  qCjIjj  j3 
cdI'jiljIoI,    oIoo    3y    '■iJCy,    joIs    roiy   Gojicccd    oi   ^li.^   ^^s^Oj^x^^o 

O(i)iC0ai    3'4}J9    Olx    iCTjfelj;  ;    uOC    3ljO    rI    CDl^I    I'vC]:?      oi     01 JO    oiCQ. 


67 

12.  ia23'D(i)IQ]CC. 

cuJbccn®  ©OS  ocf  Djoi:  J3  c:ja  wio  ^I  aici?  ojyosjol  3]?.©®  djo  dol 
Qlir!  3lorciyji  ojIijoI  jy.     Dice  uol  cdI'jjIo]j   t9(T)loI  J3    coIccrot^Cccoj 

I'DlVal — iJ^Iw       loi     IcD'oMli^      ICCCD      u3roici;|3j:j      3jy53      Olxi     bIcD    (dIU- 

13.  Q?J]©C^    CDJO. 

fO;    QICC    Oi     3!i!    I'JOfeO)     CCl'SOSCi; 

3f    Ul    0}     9]0Q     J3    Olce    10303     ^J)}0 

Ice   QXC0   oi    3V   fflI'u;32C£i:jo    loi   Ij: 

31    oi    J}     !3]aQ    J3    eiuDCCIJ    OOL'm 

032   oxcc  3l  u)j)j   cI'33?;iBle  co3?icr3 
14.      C03sD    GOlDlUlOfnii!. 

3l    f3]J3      OI3      l^iOJ      ;jji!    (jJia^I'DJcC     ices     ICDOW  OCCCBICCO     X'jJ 
3IJ0     Xo;    3Ji    I^CiJOaJJaOlCI;     l^H)     3J'£    Blji^XU.       uCl    SJi^QlV    3i!    I'QCijJ!- 

1900«,    col   coioi!i!   <T)ij3ijO,    iccoJ    tol   omlS9ic0    93.^ccs   CL)Iia33?>irj;   ra}:o. 
3l  a3jCiol3[o   oJ   jjcl3    ia;0  ui  33Sci;,    3]a   ;9lioi3JO  I'ci;X0la[alG  uof 

X)ja  lo;   ccp:  ?      oi    e}   320    oo3sa    l    0:3^^0,    i^^   l^  l   osio 

OCDICCLS      Ci      3J!i!ieiO      32!.?'aiJJ3-a:      XOJi;      pj    ol    D3jte     3liCI;JS9lci;3    J3 
cd     ffi[      X^     3l    SJi^'QXO    <jjl     3XCi303^3x.     J3    I     (DAs  ;     oi     3JiQ,      XJ^ 

1^2  1   ®'i)fe,    ccmi   Gj'cciaolccj;    ;9lc>3  gjcdj:   'syjj^D  ;   oi   icrsoiy  lojoi 

1     9j!ii      Xe:'j;iJuOIi5      03li^,     X^^      ^i    ©Co      CCCni      00x00      30      ,9XS5'jJ 

Gcux^miCoXi   X'^I^^   J3   aj)Ii[rj3u5. 


68 

i6.     0<j)\lS. 

bit     D[ju      J3      CUIXDCD,      ICCO)      J^D      Oij;      J3'0miJ      D^OTllii'iJOXCrJiBlfoai     lO 

sioi  ral  ossxi  oi  :9[JO  Ice  jiiettjiQicco.  ol  oi  oijj  ccio  ccf 
ocui^  .Ixi  cr;jo  jx;^xx'  ci  ;-»!  ojxai,  XdJO)  coio  la  Ij^  ccja  olo  Gji; 
jjj   BJxcDCx,    Ix   ^["^oxl    I   cDl'niajsiy  J3   syxijolw  ;    I^UB   :^I   ri^; 

oca    i£}    u;}Ofj    J3    Ofe    Ia3I,x53]CO    p    6Cf    J'^vDT.lOO     J3    ^U'o]r]x 

Blfei  oi  oIiL'OCi)jS  xci;jy.  ;^I  aiCDjo  a;L'a]J  :^Ico  I  8X^  oi  ©I- 
'xIr-^lCi;CCj;r  l';!iy!^^j:   ucio    ictjy  rioj   ral  lsoCvcd. 

17.      0(T)131CC    C03s3. 
Djo  Ix'  id  J   'jC]S3  ra]o   I  oli!Ga;i'xC^]^  js  ooIoj;*  qIo;  xorjcuji? 

3xaj  o]ti&a;I,  »]ya  jy  dj:[  x^o  jy  hIicijI,  x^s  >^'-X^  '-^^  ^'i^ 
ccOii;  i'©xa3  x^®  ^^  oi'^GXr  a-I'0]yx^x.  3I  ^dxcccd  lJ  cdC  f>i3 
D'xi3K3xrx,  x^^  ^I'^  '^^  ^■3'io  c]<9x.  ;^I  c;x}  32-'L;Xi03x  I^oi  ccI 
3X^5  J'^  ^jxl,  X'^^]e.^-o  oixI^Tx.  x^®  S4i}c{,x^  ^ioa,  x^^  :^3?iJ0Ci) 
fox®^^^■C^i^J•■.  32y  (xlxl^i?  j:3?.x  I'cjcio  r3^'.  3-  X-^^  :-*!  J^;  3jy 
id  C3^'3  X'-^  X-^X>i^^  i^'xjioj  l-v  ccJj:  "lcXO  cxIu  I^d  id  v.ojxx  jy 
Icij  :d  cilxD.  jy  ccjo  y:I  oX'oxoIoIxi  J3  Biis  o3XX!i!  toicc  J3  ccIj;? 
Xcc®  JO  u;ja  olx  x-5''^-[-3ci3  X^®  xa^'0XG'0C:"]xx  ci  bI  feia;Coiy? 
00x0  ]J  bI  x®'3X23omiu;Xyj5  3jy  I'iO^xy  :^]yj;a.  lo  Xj5  10  ojIjo 
1  3Cy  x^®  ccjBXf  o^x^-5.  I3  ;hI  rlcD  bI  ajfJi'Dj^ccoxcD  :^I  3y 
uoIjo  CD}  r-»5yj  xx^j  ccI  ci;XwO  J3  32y  3Xxj->3jyoiXx  ;  x^>j3  ^3  3I 
oja'clos   I^   32y   XOJOxa'OCojcDx   .'-*[  jy  I'oxyvDXxI  oiol. 


69 
i8.     3C9. 

wr    i;(x53}a[0:J    SJ'i    col    jO]:3      J?    3[9     lj)l(DT.     J!u5    lOJ    sIcDffil'Qt- 
Jj;3lj5     0](i)a;le     ;9l:^      Q-jJCOIOO     3lQ]i!      Ice     uOl     9}  JO     ICi3'Q0J!i;®,-':CD     XC£5i3 

a]jjol3Coia)  93sa;®x'  ;  icccd  coio  col  cdI'j;]?;^  J3  sITe^  o^jCxii  ra]s 
op'Olci)IoI   fe'oco]?;^;   i   ci;rj;jjj'miQ]c0  oi    ci)I'a.i>i^3  ccw   D4;[j;Ix..     col 

CJ}a3      J3      BICC,       3J»3CD      3Ji;      I '  Ol^r^i)! JO      J0]S3,       CCIOmiuJlJjI      JDCliISj; 

3j^9l!i!u)  ©I'mjccoi  Col  coMoj  J3  ajvojojlijo  iQ''.j;|joiCijj,  i;a;;ji 
ci)I'u)T:jsjCa;  oi  Q jce  1  jlsiir;  owc5iJ:3  ijj  c!}ijoij)[ote  ;9lcc  smlomi'^ 
Cu3?;Xx.,    l^^    i-v   aJiajiQicccDi®   3lco    iccscoiJ    ccmi '  (i;[o]c0.      col   cdI- 

^OWjOQ    J3    lJO[0]Ci)Ie    3jy    DJO    Q^CCJO     sl    iCCiffiT^JSCD    Ij:    302Ci3Ci;3QD    J© 

103  rolccmjcc  dIoq  »[  ;9lco  qcd[o  oci^jrav  ralcolol  bI  u5320Xii5  ;  3j'i; 
olccj  ;-*!  ij]'o}x.  col  o2i'^  J3  col  u}jo  oi  sL  i^^xj'^^t:^  ra]?;  loo 
cjiov :D[n]cr3,  D3S  Pic  ;-*!  ajcc'Oj^lcD  o^o  loj  ccfxlocr!  J3  CJ]9- 
coicciiil  Oa)i,ci3cj'i,ao]c04;  Ici;  QjCi5'oci)i,aoi>i)  jy  loj'ofeQsIoo? 

]DTjCi;      ICC      l'OICi30l3      ICC®      fe'DJiOlCO      wl'Smi      J3      COl     JVami- 

QCce®,  lo  3ljj  lioli!  CO  1,0  ol  oo]3  J3  3C9  Ici;  oi  si  ci)iamico[oic»j 
(i)3ioii;  coicc   iQj'ofeQ^Ioo  ;    icco  coio    jgicc   oi®   i^I  ofo    ©jo   oi 

bI    OjJOj    aC-^JJlU    l'B320    COiy    SISJCdI,     030    oi    ICi3'CDI33i!    coio    coC   Qi 

bI  cijI'QXQBiyo  OPI300I  3}'^  coiy  sjrami-j;,  olccj  cdJ-  "l^Vi  cuiomi- 
'OCo]Ci3   aljo    bI  [Bju*  oi   ocdiccoqIo   icril  DJui'T;ii!  i-^I'ojc;;®  col  ejCi)C3. 

col    0:iJi     OIOlL5'3XaO]a;      dIoH      Ij3    oi     bI    CDCUJu;     3CiJp9    col    QJCD- 

Qjocsicj  COIO  bI  nico  oCii!  col  I'oiccojci;  J3  3miomi!if  03p^9j:.  9]oo 
I'ci)]?;®  3:ijp9  col  o}o  coio  cojo;  oiB  bI  Qiccjo  BIC13I3I0  Ice  3Ji; 
cu3?i3co  ,9C  cdI'cjI3  Ici;'cjo(iJ]ao]Ci;  3(ijj9  ]2!i!  ieia;39OJ0fx.,  ICC®  Ice '03-^0- 
9IffiO   rioJj^   3i'i^   (ul'a;32ci5. 


70 

ig.      2*31    DDjCi)!   J3    h5[    300100. 
:cl    3j)i:aj    uaicj)    I^    sijo    ;3Xi9  ;    Ioj    3x32^0;    :9iy    J3    1 
cijoIaCo   0joi,    o}30    i^  id  »fe    js  I  ,^p,    0]o   3ji?  b}^  raml- 

al'OICCaJC®     J^    lo  ;     10305    lOIj      ;9jj5    ©I0    3Ji!     :of    OJJ[i;0,     l3Ci5f     ];j5 

uilCC      Oi      Ci)Iijl3    lOJ    3JCC0      J^JuClfuJ     oIj.        Col      ©[3     uCiaiJ    JJ3    uil 

9}!>;   jc]3xl  O30iy:9i!r!a)j5,    lass  lO]j  Io  ;9JCi5  jjooj  :9luj  ccI  3jJiao. 
oicD  dcI  3JJi,ao,    xcscD  COLO    :cl  3]xcdicjo   icds    qico   xI^£Ci5  J9C   ral 

3}3CPt    320    J3    J9l  :    0332,     XJ9    3X    CDJO    Oiol  ?" 

oiu),    oicooi    l:j    30   ra3?;    0.I    cdIoo  ;    biki   syjj   oCs3ijL).      coi©    Io 

3Ja3  JO[CD  Icr;  ;9fOl!.;  uOXO  lo  93?iO  9l>a]S3  aj30  ;  ICDO  coicc  fo 
3Ja-  DJuCoO  }3iy  I  OJO}  33?i!.!  Io)  l3  lo  3JJ3  Oi  bI  :9[aO,  J,  lO 
3Ja.    OICD     ^Jra   ! 

"3]Cl3  axcejo    Cao'oiao    oi    ©I  f003i!j5  dcdjc-dIojIo,  "   oicd  wI 

3J01QL3  ;  "3]>i3  J3]JO  C]3l!i;  Ci332  1030)  COICU,  IffiO)  CCCV33S,  Ol!.!'OlOO, 
1    OOlOXI    3rxCD3>3    J9C    !-^I    eCCiJCD. " 

B]0    9l0llirj>    Cfo®    oi-  eCiJj    3]!i!0    1030    3]!»:0.       330li!     oil    3ioxay 

OX0  raIo3  Llao  icco)  mCoo  Io  3Jj5  ibIocsi  ici30  oiacot®  :  cclxiv 
aio  Io   wlJ  ccl  bM«    J3    jjj   :ao  3Jj3   Icd 'sccIgoio.      io    ociec, 

lO  3JCi3  DJu[00  JCC  U.I  dOlOjfe  olx,  J  !  lo  SJ-ii  05JO  kl  oi 
aj'XiaO    33Ci5"a5    u'JOCJ    l05    OjIj    O}'xI'^]03. 

"  3x  013  :-iIcr;  laj'ocul^jcl  oioI. '"  xjo  xl  oc^^icco  3J0iaL; 
VJ3lo  jjo  loo  u]3l(i}l€.a  ;  ":^]03  JO  oi  ral  ajcisfoiccoio  .sico  wl 
fe;io    cclcsij    3303    oUj:    jjo'wioI    io3'oc^j?;cd.      }  !" — xl    33'i;oJ3    3i'i! 

CJOC^IOClI    30l!i!0      ^103    i>.[    •M\m-^U]:S    wWlO    3Jx.    OXC^O     l03     Ccl    JuiS5. 

ucf  oK«3  J3  ocf  3J0Xaj,  I3C£»  oi  ccl  J03JO  33X3li;,  ajx  c^ixo  fc 
0:1   r?i,:r3(ti'3i,aO(tiv   J3   I   cfeeix^   dIj   J3   33?icc   xfeCcp. 


71 

d'o^lie    O}    OlOl    I    3C0  ?      9]S    310    laJ    Oj     00]20     105^    O}     33K3P, 

oj  33XO    ikDCD  a}   oQico.      3S   aioi  ©jo    si  oioliy    coicd   ]s   x9." 

0532  3J"x'  uCf  Olo  J3  JjIccCCC  QldJlyD  IcCOi  CcI  0]iJ  I^CCD  COIC 
03e'S3l0Cai      oi     CCl     Olj^lifj;.        J,     032     ]CDi9X^^J^3ijuI    .3J-15     lo     CCloO 

ICC®  a]o  icccD  oolooo  ;9lc»^  wL^m'jj  !  coio  sjo)  03s  ©3-  Qlajo' 
I'QwIlraxt  ;  330   gcdjs  wIo  oleexif  dIj  aly  a]o   ej!ii53Cccoc5  35^  c.:! 

a]93Ji!0    }3    bil    O32UO}J0u).         ' '  }.     DJO    I    SJOIofe    la;    ccio    iClO    3?i 

XQ  I '00334)  oi  ocuJ'a){T;io'  ij]^3ocfe  .olo  Ix-  ajlosiju  oi  Qlc^i  03^(55;. 
ojo   iajioci;j!i;®Icr;l;i;I  eicD   sjyomlcrj  XoS  colu  !" 

1^05   mliTo;   0300   jci3,   xcccD  ucl   JoIccCcc  3jxi  ce32  Q33'^o  3}i!cc  320. 

"3^  r?XdO  3ici)I  uicD  3l  duC0  I '03x0,"  OI0  loo  33^  J3  ccI 
QjyQCccoj  ;  "  3i^  3ia5  ©joxojjI  oi3  ju3joicd  j:^}&^%  330  3305 
.9300  cDjo   cdI|'j;3?>!i;  feDjoI'sMoIa;. " 

i^}   ci:[  3iy  oi'^s   iccpi  uoojJbo    x^Joi  ocijijdj;  ;    Tojiii    lo   oIquj, 

0532,     I^    l3    }M    3JCU31^;lW;^tiJ^|5^-|2c5.l3?|^l;^^^  g^^^    lo    :3jj> 

oiQO,  r^o)  u}oo,  i,cr55i.'idfeiarH,'i5^  -'J'3  '5}^  lo  '^ot'iijjjL  a^tti, — 
3i;c'oIjj  lo  3lia[J3  33SCi5  33ro  oCoR  ".:'Lx,  j.L  1-l  t  o3iii'ocu3?,j;!" 
01®  oof  oCoR  "©32,  3s  19  yoloo  33?ia5li!  c-nctJ  si'sj!.;  !  x^o)  oi 
oys  OXJO  3JO  ea;j(i)I]cj  iiojoa  »[  bI  lcr5'oacD3S3Ci)  3o'jcr3  93^  ooIsj;? 
wfo  loi,    Iccoloi,   3ci3Jjiao  3j!i;  oxolcr^x^  !" 

ice®  0}  fO  D]'^^^  320.  0-.!  OiOVi  3Ja-  OXCCO  oi  CCI  OCDlcDCle- 
DCUXO,  X®®  JJ^  -fO^  (i)3SOte  3JJ5  DCi;ICi;0ICi5  IcU  I  Sio,  Ji!  (i;3uOl!i' 
Iu3    QX^f    O]C0aiCi)X®    BiaO.       "Ci332,     3S    X>3    WX30    x^    o}9,"   cJX®    i»:f 

wlo^t  oColi?,  ' '  X®®  JiiJlvcD  co3Sa  icc  [ci)?:Ca;  feicj;xa;u)3ju:iy,  aloo 
I©  3xao  3i^  X9,  J3  jjo  co}j3  ojcni  laioj  ;  x^®  ^C  ^^Ijj  ajcrs- 
'Olcijt^i  oi  oii  ©iiB  r^  col  33ii!0OCi5,  X^^  aiJ^I  J*^  93X  jJ3i^3-33!ifa 
60<i)i  ool  [®kIj5  !     },    3s  x-3  ^ii^JJ-E  ^^  sxcdI  oxolxao  J3  BlleciJ  !" 


KEY  TO  READINGS. 

I .       ADVICE. 

Let  thy  will  be  thy  friend,  thy  mind  thy  companion,  thy 
tongue  thy  servant. — Bcloc. 

2.       WISDOM. 

As  water  leaves  the  heights  and  gathers  in  the  depths, 
so  is  wisdom  received  from  on  high  and  preserved  by  a 
lowly  soul.  —  Till  III  II  J. 

^.       HEALTH. 

To  preserve  health  is  a  moral  and  religious  duty,  for 
health  is  the  basis  of  all  social  virtues.  We  can  no  longer 
be  useful  when  not  well. — Johiisou. 

4.       STATESMANSHIP. 

The  three  great  ends  for  a  statesman  are  to  give  security 
to  possessors,  facility  to  acquirers,  and  liberty  and  hope  to 
the  people. — Coleridge. 

S.       FATE. 

Fate  is  the  friend  of  the  good,  the  guide  of  the  wise,  the 
tyrant  of  the  foolish,  and  the  enemy  of  the  bad. — Alger. 


74 

6.       FALSEHOOD. 

A  lalsehood  is  a  cripple  that  cannot  stand  alone  but 
needs  another  to  support  it.  It  is  easy  to  tell  a  lie,  but  hard 
to  tell  only  one  lie. — Fuller. 

7.       IDLENESS. 

Do  not  allow  idleness  to  deceive  you,  for  while  you  give 
him  today  he  steals  tomorrow  from  you. — Gronquill. 

8.       LOOKS. 

It  is  a  great  dishonor  to  religion  to  imagine  that  it  is  an 
enemy  to  mirth  and  cheerfulness,  and  a  severe  exader  of 
pensive  looks  and  solemn  faces. — Scott. 

Q.       NIGHT    THOUGHT. 

Where  is  the  dust  that  has  not  been  alive  .^  The  spade 
and  the  plough  disturb  our  ancestors.  From  human  mould 
we  reap  our  daily  bread.  —  Yoifiig. 

10.       EVERY-DAV    THOUGHT. 

Enjoy  the  blessings  of  today,  and  its  evils  bear  patiently 
and  sweetly;  for  this  day  only  is  ours:  we  are  dead  to  yes- 
terday, and  are  not  born  to  tomorrow. — -A'/rwi'  Taylor. 

I  I.       !  KIENDLY    CAUTION. 

Don't  flatter  yourself  that  friendship  authorizes  you  to 
say  disagreeable  things  to  your  intimates.  Except  in  cases 
of  necessity,  which  are  rare,  leave  your  friend  to  learn  un- 
pleasant truths  from  his  enemies:  they  will  be  ready  enough 
to  tell  them. — O.  U^".  Holmes. 


75- 

12.  EXPRESSION. 

There  are  faces  so  fluid  with  expression,  so  flushed  and 
rippled  by  the  play  of  thought,  that  we  can  hardly  find 
what  the  mere  features  really  are.  When  the  delicious 
beauty  of  lineaments  loses  its  power,  it  is  because  a  more 
delicious  beauty  has  appeared — that  an  interior  and  durable 
form  has  been  disclosed. — Emerson. 

13.  JUDGE    NOT. 

In  men  who  are  esteemed  divine 

We  see  so  much  of  sin  and  blot 
In  men  who  are  denounced  as  ill 

We  see  so  much  of  goodness  still 
How  can  we  draw  dividing  line 

Where  God  himself  has  drawn  it  not! 

— Anoti, 

14.       LIGHT    LITERATURE. 

We  must  have  books  for  recreation  and  entertainment, 
as  well  as  for  instruction  and  for  business,  The  former  are 
agreeable,  the  latter  useful,  and  the  human  mind  requires 
both.  We  cultivate  the  olive  and  the  vine,  but  without 
eradicating  the  myrtle  and  the  rose. — Baliac. 

15.       DEATH. 

What  is  death  "?  To  go  out  like  a  light,  and  in  a  sweet 
trance  to  forget  ourselves  and  all  the  passing  phenomena 
of  the  day  as  we  forget  the  phantoms  of  a  dream ;  to  form, 
as  in  a  dream,  new  connedions  with  God's  world;  to  enter 
mto  a  more  exalted  sphere,  and  to  make  new  steps  up 
mans  orraduated  ascent  of  creation. —  Tschokkf. 


76 

l6.      TRUTH. 

We  are  all  agreed  that  truth  is  good ;  or,  at  all  events, 
those  who  are  not  agreed  must  be  treated  as  persons  be- 
yond the  pale  of  reason,  and  on  whose  obtuse  understand- 
ings it  would  be  idle  to  waste  an  argument.  He  who  says 
that  the  truth  is  not  always  to  be  told,  and  that  it  is  not  fit 
for  all  minds,  is  simply  a  defender  of  falsehood;  and  we 
should  take  no  notice  of  him,  inasmuch  as  the  objeft  of  dis- 
cussion being  to  destroy  error,  we  cannot  discuss  with  a 
man  who  deliberately  affirms  that  error  should  I"  e  spared. 
— Buckle. 

17.       HUMAN    IIFE, 

What  is  this  life  but  a  circulation  of  little  mean  actions  ? 
We  lie  down  and  rise  again,  dress  and  undress,  ''eed  and 
wax  hungry,  work  or  play  and  are  weavy,  and  then  we  lie 
down  again  and  the  circle  returns.  We  spend  the  day  in 
trifles,  and  when  the  night  comes  we  throw  ourselves  into 
the  bed  of  folly,  amongst  dreams,  and  b'oken  thoughts,  and 
wild  imaginations.  Our  reason  lies  asleep  by  us,  and  we 
are  for  the  time  as  arrant  brutes  as  those  that  sleep  in  the 
stalls  or  in  the  field.  Are  not  the  capacities  of  man  higher 
than  of  these  ?  And  ought  not  his  ambition  and  expecta- 
tions to  be  greater?  Let  us  be  adventurers  for  another 
world.  It  is  at  least  a  fair  and  noble  chance.  If  we  should 
be  disappointed  we  are  still  no  worse  than  the  rest  of  our 
fellow-mortals;  and  if  we  succeed  in  our  expeftations  we 
are  eternally  happy. — Dr.  Burnet. 


77 

l8.       FAME. 

The  advocates  for  the  love  of  fame  allege  in  its  vindica- 
tion, that  it  is  a  passion  natural  and  universal ;  a  flame  al- 
ways burning  with  greatest  vigour  in  the  most  enlarged 
and  cultivated  minds;  and  that  the  desire  of  being  praised 
by  posterity  implies  a  resolution  to  deserve  their  praises. 
The  soul  of  man,  formed  for  eternal  life,  naturally  springs 
forward  beyond  the  limits  of  corporeal  existence,  and  rejoices 
to  consider  herself  as  co-operating  with  future  ages,  and  as 
co-extended  with  endless  duration.  The  reproach  of  labour- 
ing for  what  cannot  be  enjoyed  is  founded  on  an  opinion 
which  may  with  great  probability  be  doubted ;  for  since  we 
suppose  the  power  of  the  soul  to  be  enlarged  bv  its  separa- 
tion, why  should  we  conclude  that  its  knowledge  of  sub- 
lunary transactions  is  contracted  or  extinguished. 

Upon  an  attentive  and  impartial  review  of  the  argument, 
it  will  appear  that  the  love  of  fame  is  to  be  regulated  rather 
than  extinguished ;  and  that  men  should  be  taught  not  to  be 
wholly  careless  about  their  memory,  but  to  endeavour  that 
thev  may  be  remembered  chiefly  for  their  virtues,  since  no 
other  reputation  will  be  able  to  transmit  any  pleasure  be- 
yond the  grave. 

The  true  satisfadion  which  is  to  be  drawn  from  the  con- 
sciousness that  we  shall  share  the  attention  of  future  times 
must  arise  from  the  hope  that  those  whom  we  cannot  bene- 
fit in  our  lives  may  receive  instruction  from  our  examples, 
and  incitement  from  our  renown. —  Dr.  Johnson. 


78 

19-       THE    STORY    OK   THE    FLAX. 

The  Flax  stood  in  full  bloom;  its  flowers  were  of  a  deli- 
cate blue,  soft  as  the  wing  of  a  moth,  but  far  more  beautiful. 
The  sun  shone  upon  the  Flax  and  the  summer  rain  de- 
scended on  it;  and  this  was  good  for  the  plant,  even  as  it  is 
for  a  little  child  to  be  bathed  in  pure  water  and  then  to  re- 
ceive its  fond  mother's  kiss.  The  babe  looks  all  the  more 
lovely  afterwards,  and  thus  it  was  also  with  the  Flax. 

"  People  say  that  1  am  grown  so  tall  and  so  beautiful  " 
said  the  Flax,' and  that  the  finest  and  best  linen  maybe 
woven  out  of  me:  now,  am  1  not  happy  ?" 

But  one  day  there  came  people  who,  seizing  the  Flax  by 
its  head,  pulled  it  up  by  the  roots;  this  was  painful.  Then 
it  was  laid  in  water  that  it  might  become  soft;  and  then  it 
was  placed  over  a  slow  fire  as  if  it  was  to  be  baked.  Oh, 
it  was  sad  work  ! 

"  One  cannot  expeft  to  be  always  prosperous,"  said  the 
Flax;  "one  must  suffer  now  and  then,  and  thereby,  per- 
haps, a  little  wisdom  may  be  gained." 

But  matters  seemed  to  grow  worse  and  worse.  After 
the  flax  had  been  soaked  and  baked  it  was  beaten  and 
hackled:  neither  could  it  guess  the  meaning  of  all  that  was 
inflicted.  At  length  it  was  placed  on  the  spinning  wheel. 
Ah!  It  was  not  easv  to  collect  one's  thoughts  in  this  posi- 
tion. 

"I  have  been  extremelv  happy,"  thought  the  patient 
Flax  amid  all  its  sufferings;  "one  ought  to  be  contented 
with  the  good  things  one  has  already  enjoyed.     Oh!"    The 


79 

v/ords  were  scarcely  uttered  when  the  well  spun  thread 
was  placed  in  the  loom.  The  whole  of  the  Flax,  even  to 
the  last  fibre,  was  used  in  the  manufacture  of  a  single  piece 
of  fine  linen. 

"  Well,  this  is  really  extraordinary;  what  have  1  done  to 
deserve  so  happy  a  fate  ?  My  web  is  so  stout  and  so  tine, 
so  white  and  so  smooth.    1  could  not  be  happier  than  1  am." 

Now  was  the  piece  of  linen  carried  into  the  house  and 
then  submitted  to  the  scissors.  Oh,  how  unmercifully  was 
it  nicked  and  cut  and  stitched  with  needles!  That  was  by 
no  means  agreeable;  but  from  this  single  piece  were  cut 
garments  for  the  comfort  of  the  household.  "  Oh,  what  a 
blessing  is  this  that  1  am  allowed  to  produce  something  that 
is  needful  to  mankind.  What  extraordinary  good  fortune 
is  this!" 

And  years  passed  on,  and  the  linen  was  now  quite 
worn  out. 

"  I  shall  very  soon  be  laid  aside,"  said  each  one  of  the 
garments;  "1  would  gladly  have  lasted  longer,  but  one 
must  not  desire  impossibilities." 

So  they  were  torn  into  strips  and  shreds;  and  it  seemed, 
now,  as  if  all  was  over  with  the  worn-out  linen,  for  it  was 
hacked,  and  soaked,  and  baked,  and  what  more  it  scarcely 
knew,  until  it  became  fine  white  paper.  "Well,  this  is  a 
surprise!"  said  the  paper.  "  Now  1  am  still  finer  than  be- 
fore! and  who  can  tell  what  glorious  thoughts  may  be  in- 
scribed upon  mv  leaves  ?  This  is,  indeed,  unlooked  for 
happiness!" 


«0 

And  so  it  turned  out.  The  paper  was  sent  to  the  print- 
ing press,  and  all  its  writing  was  printed  in  a  book,  or 
rather  in  many  hundred  books.  "  Now,  I  am  left  at  home," 
said  the  written  paper,  "and  honoured  like  an  aged  grand- 
father, which  in  fact  1  am,  of  all  those  new  books;  and  they 
will  continue  to  do  good  in  the  world,  and  carry  on  mv  life- 
work  through  the  ages!  Oh,  I  am  surely  the  very  happies^ 
of  beings!" — {Coiideuscd  from)  Andersen. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  a4LIFORNIA  LIBRARY,  LOS  ANGELES 
Tfiifi  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


■>     FEBl    1 


1  JUN 
AC  NOV  0  ]  ZOcIs 


Book  Slip-25m-9,'59(A4772s4)4280 


